Atomic Ionization energy

whkslrK Yla;sh

1 mrudKqjl lafjdkagus wxlfhka $ n fmkakqus lrkafka l=ula o@

bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a jk m%Odk Yla;s ugsguhs

2 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgu ;joqrg;a Wm Yla;s ugsgus olajd fnos we; tajd y|qkajk ku l=ula o@ Woaos.xY lafjdkagus wxlh $ l 

3  ,s;shus j, wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dakh tu lafjdkagus wxl ,shd olajkak

1 s

4 tla tla Wm ugsgus j, mj;sk bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

  s---  2

  p--- 6

  d--  10

  f— 14

5 tys mj;sk bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a ldlaIslhl m_l mej;sh yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kk folls th l=ula f,i kus lrhso@

pqusnl lafjdkagus wxlh 

6 neuqus lafjdkagus wxlh m_s l=ula bosrsm;a lrhs o@

hus ldlaIslhl we;as bf,lafg%dakhl osYdk;sh fmkakqus lrhs

7 mrudKqjl  mj;sk bf,lafg%dak bj;ajsu l=uk kulska y|qkajhs o@

whkSlrKh

8 tjeks  wjia:djla i|yka lrkak

lef;dav lsrK k,fha

9 lef;dav lsrK ksmojSfus os wOsl Yla;shla wjYH jQfha wehs@

whkSlrKh i|yd by< Yla;shla iuyr wjia:d j,os wjYH fjhs’ ta l=ula ksid o@

kHIagsh fj;g wdl¾IKh js we;s bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsrsug Yla;sh wjYH fjhs’

10 m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh hkq l=ula o@

jdhquh ;;ajfha we;s mrudKq fu!,hl ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dak fu!,hla  bj;a lsrSfuka jdhquh tal Ok whk fu!,hla iEoSu i|yd iemhsh hq;= wju Yla;shhs

11 fojk  whkSlrK Yla;sh hkq l=ula o@

jdhquh tal Ok whk fu!,hlska ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dak fu!,hla  bj;a lsrSfuka jdhquh oajs Ok whk fu!,hla iEoSu i|yd iemhsh hq;= wju Yla;shhs

12 mrudKqjl wrh u; whkslrK Yla;sh ;SrKh fjhs mrudKqjl wrh flfrys n,mdk idOl ,shkak

kHIagsl wdfrdamKh

ksjdrl wdprKh $Yla;s ugsgus .Kk

13 mrudKqjl wrh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u.ska o@

wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus msysgk ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dakh fj;g kHIagsh u.ska olajk wdl¾IKfha m%udKh u;

14 wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus msysgk ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dakh fj;g kHIagsh u.ska olajk wdl¾IKfha m%udKh wvq lsrsug fya;=jk idOlhka fudkjd o@

  Yla;s ugsgus .Kk jevs jSu           

  kHIagsfha  wdfrdamKfha jsYd,;ajh wvq w.hl mej;Su

   

15 kHIagsfha  wdfrdamKfha jsYd,;ajh wvqjsu  wdj¾;s;dfjs ljr osYdjlg isoqfjhs o@

  wdj¾;hl jfus isg ol=Kg hdfus oS

   

16 Yla;s ugsgus .Kk jevs jSu  wdj¾;s;dfjs ljr osYdjlg isoqfjhs o@

       ldKavhl my<g hdfusos

   

17 by; idOl folu fjkiajk wjia:djla ,shkak

       ldKavhl my<g hdfusos

  

18 Yla;s ugsgus .Kk  jevsjSu u.ska ljr n,mEula  we;sfjhs o@

          we;=,; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak msg; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak  jslraIKh

          lsrSfus n,hla $ksjdrl wdprKh ls%hd;aul jSu fya;= fldg f.k

          Yla;s ugsgus .Kk jevsjk jsg ksjdrl wdprKh jevsfjhs' 

          wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh wvq fjhs

  

19 ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq j, Yla;s ugsgus lshla mj;shs o@

           2

  

20 ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq j, ksjdrl wdprK w.h  fndfyda oqrg iudk o@ wiudk o@

         fndfyda oqrg iudkhs

  

21 kHIagsl wdfrdamkh jevs jkafka l=ul o@

        fnrs,shus mrudKq

  

22    wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh jevsjkafka ljrl o@

fnrs,shus mrudKq

23 ,s;shus yd fidavshus mrudKq j, Yla;s ugsgus lshla mj;shs o@

,s;shus mrudKqfjs  --2

fidavshus mrudKq fjs --3

24 ,s;shus yd fidavshus mrudKq j, ksjdrl wdprK w.h  fndfyda oqrg iudk o@ wiudk o@

wiudkhs

25 ksjdrl wdprK w.h  jevs jkafka l=ul o@

fidavshus j,

26 kHIagsl wdfrdamkh jevs jkafka l=ul o@

fidavshus mrudKq fjs  

 27 fidavshus mrudKq fjs  kHIagsl wdfrdamKh jevs jqj;a fidavsshus mrudKqjg jvd  ,s;sshus mrudKq fjs wrh l=vdh

fidavshus mrudKq fjs  bf,lafg%dak ork Yla;s ugsgus .Kk tllska jevs ksid ksjdrl wdprK w.h  jevshs

kHIagsl wdfrdamKh wNsnjd ksjdrl wdprKh ls%hd;aul jSu ksid

 wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh fidavshus mrudKq fjs 

jevsfjhs

28 fidavshus mrudKq jla tla bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a l< jsg idokafka l=ula o@

fidavshus Ok whkh

29 tys mj;sk Yla;s ugsgus .Kk lSho@ ksjdrl wdprK w.h fjkia fjhs o@ fya;= fokak

         2

ksjdrl wdprK w.h wvqhs Yla;s ugsgus .Kk wvq ksid

30 fidavshus mrudKq yd fidavshus Ok whkh kHIagsl wdfrdamK tlu jqj;a fidavshus Ok whkfha wrh b;d l=vdh ( fojk wdj¾;fha ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq w;r wrhla ,nd .kshs &ta ukao@

fidavshus Ok whkh wrh  0.95 A⁰

fidavshus mrudKqj wrh  1.54 A⁰

 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgula wvqjsu ksid

fidavshus Ok whkfha whkfha fm%dafgdak .Kkg jvd bf,lafg%dak .Kk tllska wvq ksid Ok jsoHq;a lafIa;%hla we;s jSu fya;=fjka bf,lafg%dak j,dfjs yels,sula o we;sfjhs

31  fojk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh m<uq bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;shg jvd mia .=Khlska muK by< fjs

jsoHq;a lafIa;%hla we;s jSu fya;=fjka

wrh wvq jSu ksid;a msg; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh jevs jS

we;=,; m%Odk ugsgulska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh msg; m%Odk ugsgulska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsrsug wjYH Yla;shg jvd mia .=Khlska muK by< fjs

32 ;=kajk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh fldmuK .=Khl jsYd,;ajhla fmkajkq we;a o@

ta l=ula ksid o@

fo.=Khlg wdikak jsYd,;ajhla

fojk yd ;=kajk bf,lafg%dak tlu m%Odk ugsgfus mj;shs tu ksid  ;=kajk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wvq Yla;shla wjYH fjhs

33 uQ, o%jHhl wkqhd; whkSlrK Yla;s w.hhka lsysmhla  fuys olajd we; tu mrudKq j, msg; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak .Kk i|yka lrkak

tall KJ mol^-1 j,ska

  E -- 494 , 4560 ,  6940,   9540 ,  13400 , 16600

  A – 577, 1820  ,  2740  , 11600  ,14800 ,18400

     E --       tlhs

=     A --      ;=khs

34 jvd ia:dhS  jkafka    fidavshus mrudKqj o@   fidavshus Ok whkh o@

fidavshus Ok whkh

35 ta l=ula ksid o@

tys wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus  ord .; yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kkla mj;sk ksid

36 laf,darSka mrudKq yd laf,darhsvs  whkh kHIagsl wdfrdamK tlu jqj;a laf,darhsvs  whkfha wrh b;d by<h  tu wdj¾;fha wd.ka mrudKqjg jvd wrh jsYd, fjhs ta ukao@

laf,darSka mrudKqj wrh  0.99 A⁰

laf,darhsvs  whkh wrh  1.81 A⁰

laf,darhsvs  whkfha fm%dafgdak .Kkg jvd bf,lafg%dak .Kk tllska jevs ksid iDK jsoHq;a lafIa;%hla we;s jSu fya;=fjka bf,lafg%dak j,dfjs jsisrsula  we;sfjhs tu ksid wrh jsYd, fjhs

37 jvd ia:dhS  jkafka   laf,darSka mrudKqj o@   laf,darhsvs  whkfha o@

laf,darSka mrudKq

38 ta l=ula ksid o@

tys wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus  ord .; yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kkla mj;sk ksid

              

         

           

Atomic configeration 1 ans

mrudKqjl iajNdjh

1 mrudKqjl wrfha jsYd,;aj .Kh lsh o@

10^-8cm

2 kHIagshl wrfha jsYd,;aj .Kh lsh o@

10^-12cm  -10^-13cm

3 mrudKqjl mj;sk bf,lafg%dak m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus lShl mej;sh yels o@ tajd fudkjd o@

     K, L, M , N  ,O , P , Q

    7

4 mrudKqjl mj;sk bf,lafg%dak m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus   mj;sk Wm ugsgus fudkjd o@

          s  ,p, d,f

5 tla tka m%Odk ugsgfus Wm ugsgus lShla mj;S o@

K   --- 1 s

L   ---- 2s  2p

M ----  3s  3p 3d

 N ---- 4s  4p  4d  4d

O  ---- 5s  5p  5d  5d

 P  --- 6s  6p  6d  6d

,Q---  7s  7p 

6 tla tla Wm ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak lShla mj;shs o@

               s   --- 2

               p  --- 6

               d  --- 10

               f  --- 14

7 ldlaIslhl mej;sh yels bf,lafgd%ak .Kk lSh o@ ljr kshufhka th m%ldY fjhs o@

            2

          mjq,S nysIaldr kshuh

8 Wm ugsgul ldlaIsl  lShla mj;So@

                s      -----      1

                p     -----    3

            d     -----     5

             f     -----     7

9 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgul mj;sk bf,lafgd%ak .Kk;a mrudKqfjs ia:dhs ;dj;a w;r mj;sk iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

m%Odk Yla;s ugsgula iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu ksid  mrudKqjla ia:dhs fjhs

10 ta yer ia:dhS jsh yels fjk;a wjia:djla ,shkak

ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrSu fyda iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu mrudKqjl ia:dhs njg fya;= fjhs

11  ldlaIsl j, g bf,lafg%dak msrsfus os oel .; yels rgdj l=ula o@

ldlaIsl j, g bf,lafg%dak msrsfus os  bf,lafg%dak w;r we;s wfkdkH jslδIKh ksid m<uqj ldlaIsl ish,a, ;ks ;ksj msfrhs’

fojkqj bf,lafg%dak hq.au jYfhka msrS hhs’

12 ldlaIsl j,  we;s  ;ks bf,lafg%dak y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@

jshq.au bf,lafg%dak

ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrSu fyda iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu mrudKqjl ia:dhs njg fya;= fjhs

13 Wmugsgus j, bf,lafg%dak lShla ta i|yd mej;sh hq;= o@

                  s   ---- -2

                  p  -----3 /6

                  d -----5 /10

                   f  -----7 /14

14 mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak msrSfus oS m<uqj bf,lafg%dak we;=¿jk m%Odk ugsgfus Yla;sh .ek Tng l=ula lsj yels o@

wvqu Yla;s ugsgug

m<uq Yla;s ugsgfus s  Wm ugsgfus

15 mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak msrSfus oS wkq.ukh lrk f.dvkexjSfus $ wjqmandjs uQ,Oδuh ,shkak

bf,lafg%dak msrsu isoq jkafka jshq.au bf,lafg%dak .Kl Wmrsu jk f,ig  ldlaIsl j, Yla;s wdfrdayKh jk wkqms<sfj,g h

16 oS we;s bf,lafg%dak jskHdihg .e,fmk uQ, o%jHh f;darkak

X        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p³

Y        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁴

N   yd O

17 jvd ia:dhS mrudKqj f,i i,lkafka l=ula o@ thg fya;=j l=ula o@

X  j, wjidk p ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrS ;snSu ksid  Y  j, wjidk p ldlaIslhla ;=, bf,lafg%dak msfruska mj;sk wjia:djg jvd ia:dhS fjhs’

18 jvd ia:dhS mrudKqj f,i i,lkafka l=ula o@ thg fya;=j l=ula o@

P        ----          1 s² , 2s²,2p¹

Q        ----          1 s² , 2s²

Q  j, wjidk  s ldlaIslhla iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu  ksid ksid  wjidk P  j, ldlaIslhla ;=, bf,lafg%dak msfruska mj;sk wjia:djg jvd ia:dhS fjhs’

19 wdj¾;s;djla fhdod .ksuska  tjeks  ia:dhS;djla fmkajk fjk;a mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak

A        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² , 3p⁴

B        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s² , 3p³

S   yd P

C        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² 

D        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p¹

Mg   yd Al

ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrSu fyda iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu mrudKqjl ia:dhs njg fya;= fjhs

fuu fya;=j ksid  iuyr uq, o%jH j,  bf,lafg%dak jskHdih n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk f.dvkexjSfus $ wjqmandjs uQ,Oδuh jvd fjkia fjhs’ $ wm.ukh fjhs

20 mrudKql l%udxl 30 wvq  ljr uq, o%jH wdYs%;j fujekakla y|qkd.; yels o@  tys n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak

tys mj;sk jskHdih l=ula o@

mrudKql l%udxlh  24 yd 29

Cr        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p⁶ , 4s², 3d⁴,  

 Cu        ----           s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p⁶ , 4s², 3d⁹

tys mj;sk jskHdih l=ula o@

Cr        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p⁶ , 4s¹, 3d⁵,  

 Cu        ----           s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p⁶ , 4s¹, 3d¹⁰

  

Atom 2 Ans

16 wvq mSvk jdhqjla ;=,ska úoHq;a úNjhla hejq úg wefkdavfha isg lef;davh foig .uka lrk lsrK = fudkjdo@

wefkdav lsrK

17 pqïnl iDK w.%hla we,a,Q úg thg l=ula isÿfúo@ ta wehs@

.uka ud¾.h fjkia jSu $wm.ukh jSu $W;al%ukh jSu

Ok wdfrdams; jSu ksid

18 tu lsrK ks¾udKh jS we;af;a ljrlska o@ th fidhd .;af;a ljq o@

jdhq mrudKq whkSlrKfhka ieoqKq Ok whk j,ska

f.da,avsiagska

19 ieye,a,q u Ok wxY=j ,efnkafka ljr jdhqjla k,h ;=, mj;sk jsg o@ fu wxY=j y|qkajk  ku ,shkak

yhsv%cka

fm%dafgdakh

20 fm%dafgdak kfha wdfrdamKh fidhd .;af;a ljq o@ tu w.h lsh o@

us,slka

1.602 · 10^-9C/ l+f,daus

21  tlu uQ, o%jHfha  kHIags  i¾jiu fkdjk wjia:d we;sjkafka l=ula ksid o@

fm%dafgdak ixLHd tlu jqjo kshqfg%dak ixLHd fjkia jSu ksid

22 tajd y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

iuia:dksl $kshqla,hsv

23 tjekas mrudKq j, iudk w.hla .kafka fudkjd o@

ialkaO l%udxlh      ---- wiudk fjs

mrudKq l l%udxlh  ---- iudk fjs

fm%dAfgdak ixLHdj     ---- iudk fjs

24 my; oelafjk iuia:dksl j, $kshqla,hsvj, ialkaO l%udxlh mrudKq l l%udxlh fm%dAfgdak l%udxlh hk w.hhka ,shd olajkak

yhsv%cka   ---    H¹₁

vshqgsrshus  ----  D ²₁

gs%gshus      ---- - T ³₁

25 iuyr kshqla,hsv  ia:dhS jk w;r iuyr tajd wia:dhS fjhss lD;su f,i idok   kshqla,hsv o we;

26 ldnka j, mj;sk wia:dhS kshqla,hsvhla   ,shkak

C ¹⁴₆

27 kHIagshl fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak y\qkajk ku l=ula o@tys mj;sk fjk;a  wxY= fudkjd o@

kshqla,sfhdak

fmdisfg%dak

usfidak

28 b;d l=vd wjldYhla ;=, ia:dhS f,i Ok wdfrdamK rdYsN+;jS  mj;S ta l=ula ksid o@

fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak w;r wdfrdams;  wxY= yqjudre  jSfuka we;s jk wdl¾IKh ksid

29 yqjudre jk wxY= y|qkajk ku ,shkak

   usfidak $ *hs - usfidak

30  kshqfg%dakhla fm%dafg%dakhla  jSu  kshqfg%dakhla fm%dafgdak hla jSu ksrka;rfhka  isoq fjhs tysoS yqjudre jk wxY= fudkjd o@

kshqfg%dakhla fm%dafg%dakhla  jSu ---  Ok usfidak

kshqfg%dakhla fm%dafgdak hla jSu ----iDK usfidak

31 kshqla,sfhdak  tlajS kHIagshla  idok jsg Yla;sh ksoyia fjhs ta wkqj fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak w;r ne|Sfus m%n,;dj fidhd .; yelsh n|k Yla;sh hkafkka  th m%ldY lrhs

tu w.h Wmrsu kus   $ 8.8 MeV tu kHIags ia:dhS fjhs’ ke;fyd;a kshqlaa,hsvh ia:dhS fjhs

wia:dhs kHIagshla y|qkd.; yelafla flfia o@

ialkaO l%udxlh by<h

fm%dafgdak .Kk brgsfgs ixLHjla fkd;snSu $T;af;a ixLHdjla ;snsu

jslsrK ksl=;a lrhs

32 tys wruqK l=ula o@

ialkaO l%udxlh wvqlr f.k ia:dhs mrdihg f.k tau

fm%dafgdak .Kk kshqfg%dak .Kkg iudk lsrsu

ia:dhS kHIagshla idod .ekSu

33 tysoS ksl=;a lrk jslsrK fudkjdo@

α lsrK β lsrK  γ  lsrK

34 jevsu fjs.hla $wdf,dalfha fjs.h we;af;a ljr  lsrKhlgo@

γ  lsrK

35 jsksjso hdfus n,h Wmrsu jkafka ljrl o@

γ  lsrK

36 0.2 cm  we¿uskshus m;%hlska je,elajsh yelafla l=ula o@ lvodishlska  je<elajsh yelafla ljrla o@

α lsrK    β lsrK 

α lsrK

37 jdhqjla ;=,ska .uka lsrSfus oS .uka ud¾.fha  we;s jdhq wKq whkSlrKhg jevs yelshdjla mj;skafka l=ulg o@

α lsrK

38 jdhqjla ;=,ska .uka lsrSfus oS .uka ud¾.fha  we;s jdhq wKq whkSlrK  wju s yelshdjla mj;skafka l=ulg o@

γ  lsrK

39 jdhqjla ;=,ska .uka lsrSfus oS .uka ud¾.fha  ir, f¾LSh jSug kus tu wxY=j ialkaOh jevs fukaj tajd jevs m%fjs.hlska hq;a wxY= jsh hq;=h tu .=K imqrd,k  wxY=j l=ula o@

α lsrK

40 ialkaOhla rys; jk ir, f¾Lsh .uka ud¾.hla iys; lsrK jkafka ljrla o@

γ  lsrK

40 yS,shus kHIagshg iudk;ajhla olajkafla l=ula o@tfia mejisug fya;=j ,shkak

α lsrK

Ok tall 2  ialkaO l%udxlh 4 la jQ kHIagshla mej;su

41 pqusnl  lafIa;%hla  u.ska  .uka ud¾.h fjkia l, yels jkafka l=ul o@ ta l=ula ksid o@

α lsrK    β lsrK 

wdfrdamK ork ksid

42 jslsrKYS,;dj fidhd .;af;a ljqrekao@

fykars fnlr,a

43 jsslsrKYS,S uQ,o%jH  fidhd .;af;a ljqrekao@

udrs lshqrs

44 jslsrKYS,;dj f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

wia:dhS kHIags ia:dhs jsu i|yd jslsrK ksl=;a lsrSu

Atom ans

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, chemistque.blogspot.com  m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

iuyr jsIhh tall fldgia  ms<sn| oekqu icSjSlrK iu. animescience.webatu.com fj;ska ,nd  .ekSug W;aidy lrkak 

Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu wjYH m%Yak m;%h i|yd fj; chemistans.blogspot.com  msjsfikak'                                                                            fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoSS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu  Wiia fm< jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

mrudKqj  -  1

1 f,dau froaola fhdod  .ksuska t,a,d we;s tnkhsgs l+rla msrsueoSu tjeks msrsuosk ,o l+rla  th iuSmhg f.k tau ksrslaIKh l=ula fjhs o@

jsl¾IKhla we;sjSu

2 ma,ek,a froaolska ,dlv t,a,d we;s ,dlv l+rla msrsueoSu tjeks msrsuosk ,o l+rla  th iuSmhg f.k tau ksrslaIKh l=ula fjhs o@

jsl¾IKhla we;sjSu

3 f,dau froaola fhdod  .ksuska t,a,d we;s tnkhsgs l+rla msrsueoSu fiao j,ska jSoqre msrsueosu l+rla msrsueoSu tjeks msrsuosk ,o l+rla  th iuSmhg f.k tau ksrslaIKh l=ula fjhs o@

wdl¾IKh jsu

4 tfia isoqjqfha wehs@

jscd;Sh wdfrdamK oerSu ksid

5 fiao j,ska tlu w;g jSoqre msrsueosu oS wdfrdamK ,enqfka flfia o@

jSoqre ;=, we;s iDK wdfrdamK fiao ;=,g we;=¿ jSu kd th Ok wdfrdams; fjhs

f,dau froaolska  t,a,d we;s tnkhsgs l+rla msrsueoSfus oS f,dau ;=, we;s iDK wdfrdamK tnkhsgs l+rg we;=¿ jSu isoqfjhs

6 fuhska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@

mod¾:h ;=, wdfrdams; iDK wdfrdamK  yd Ok wdfrdamK  we;s nj fyj;a jsoHq;a iajNdjhla we;s nj

7 mod¾:fha l=vdu wxY+j ye|skajq ku ro*â ie,iqï l< mßlaIKfha 4· 10 ^-5 cm jk rka m;%hla ;=,ska hejq wxY= fudkjd o@

α wxY=

8 tys wdfrdamKh ,shkak

  Ok  wdfrdamKh

9 tysoS isÿjqfha l=ulao@

iq¿ wxY= m%udKhla wdmiq yersu

wxY= jevs m%udKhla rka m;%h yryd .uka lsrsu

10 fuu mÍlaIKh ie,iqus lf<a ljqo@

ro¾mvs

11 fuu mÍlaIKh isÿlf<a ljqo@

.hs.¾ ud¾iavka

12 wxY=j, m%udKh;a .uka osYdj fjkia fkdjkafka wehs@

ysia wjldY mej;Su

13 ta nj y÷kd.kafka flfiao@

rka m;%hg msgqmiska ;enq ;srh u; os,shqï we;sùu

14 ro*âf.a ks.ukh l=ulao@

f,day mrudKqfõ l=vd mrsudjla  ;=, Ok wdfrdamK rdYs N+; ù we;snj

15 idfmalaI jYfhka zns ;srh u; we;sjk oss,shqï ixLHdj by< úh ta wehs@

rkam;%h yryd .ukal< wxY= m%udKh jeäùu ksid

 jevs m%udKhla ysia wjldY mej;Su ksid

16 wvq mSvk jdhqjla ;=,ska úoHq;a úNjhla hejq úg lef;davfha isg wefkdavh foig .uka lrk wxY= fudkjdo@

lef;dav lsrK

17 pqïnl Ok w.%hla we,a,Q úg thg l=ula isÿfúo@ ta wehs@

.uka ud¾.h fjkia jSu $wm.ukh jSu $W;al%ukh jSu

iDK wdfrdams; jSu

18 iDK wdfrdams; wxY=j fidhd .;af;a ljqo@ th y÷kajk ku l=ulao@

f;dusika

bf,lafg%dakh

19 iq<xfm;a;la $yn,a illa N%uKh lsrSfus .=Kh fuu lef;dav lsrK j,g we; tu ,laIKh g wkqj .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@

tu wxY= j,g ialkaOhla yd m%fjs.hla $.uH;djla we;s nj

20 bf,lafg%dakfha wdfrdamKh fidhd .;af;a ljq o@ tu w.h lsh o@

us,slka

1.602 · 10^-9C/ l+f,daus

Polymer Rubber ans

rnra


1 iajNdjsl fraLSh nyqwjhjl kuslrkak

fm%dagSk $ rn¾

2 rn¾  wKqfjs ku ,shkak

fmd,s whsfidms%ka

3 th nyq wjhjhla  f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

iudk wKq rdYshla tla jS jsYd, wkQjla  ms<sfh, jSu ksid

4 tys mj;sk ;ekqus tallfha ku ,shkak

whsfidms%ka  $C₅H₈ / CH₂ = C . CH3 –CH = CH2  $2- Methyl Buta-1-3-Diene

5 fuys ljr iudhjhsl;djla  mj;so@

cHdus;sl iudhjhsl;dj 

isia - iudhjhsslh

6 tl rn¾  wKqjl  ;ekqus tall  20 000 muK we; tys jHqqyh ,shkak

7 rn¾  wKqfjs keuqus mj;skafka wehs@ta ksid we;sjk .=Khla ,shkak

odu w;r jekavjd,a n, mj;sk ksid

m%;Hdia: .=Kh

8 l,s, wxY=j, wdfrdamKh l=ula o@ tu .=Kh ksid mj;sk ,laIKhla i|yka lrkak

iDK wdfrdamKh

wj,usns; wxY= f,i mej;su

9 iuyr ksIamdok i|yd m%;Hia: .=Kh  bj;a lsrsug isoq fjhs th isoq lrkafka flfia o@

tysos we;sjk fjki ,shkak

i,am¾ iu. r;a lsrsu

odu w;r yria nkaOk we;s jsu

10 ta u.ska ljr ksIamdok isoq lrhs o@

gh¾

tnkhsgs

11 iuyr ksIamdok i|yd m%;Hia: .=Kh  wjYH fjhs ta l=ula i|yd o@

w;a fusia

rn¾ k,

12 fm%dagsk j, mj;sk ;ekqus tallfha ku ,shkak

weuhsfkda wus,h

13 tu wKq j iajdrlaIlhla f,i ls%hdlrkafka tys mj;sk ljr ldKav ksid o@

                 -COOH                 -NH₂