Sulphur and Halogen

1 uQ, o%jHhla f,i mj;sk  i,am¾ Ndjs; jk wjia:djla ,shkak

os,Sr kdYlhla f,i fNda. j,g  biSu

w¿yus jeks os,Sr frda. i|yd iu u;=msg wdf,am lsrsu

2 iaMgsl f,i mj;sk  S j, wKql iq;%h ,shkak 

S₈

3 S idok wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs .e,fmk wdldrh ,shkak

 CS₂  mj;sk wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs j, osh l< S mj;sk wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs o%djKh jdIam jSug bv yersfuka miq b;srsjk  iaMgsl    frdusniSh i,am¾

200 C⁰ r;a l< S  isis,a c,hg fhoSu   iqjsld¾h i,am¾

S fldajl r;a lr o%j jSug yer u;=msg lfnd,la iEoqKq miq lfnd, ns|Su taldk;s i,am¾

4  S u.ska SO₂  ,nd.; yelafla flfia o@

wod<  iuSlrK ,shkak

jd;fha oykh

idkao% H₂SO₄ iu. r;a lsrSu

5 l=uk f,day id  H₂SO₄ iu. SO₂  ,nd fohs o@

iskala $ fldm¾

6 l=uk wf,day id  H₂SO₄ iu. SO₂  ,nd fohs o@

C   / S

6 ,jKhla Ndjs;fhka  ,nd .;  yels wjia:d ,shkak

;kql wus, iu. fidavshus i,amhsgs m%;sls%hdj

 ;kql wus, iu. fidavshus ;fhda i,afmags  m%;sls%hdj

7 i,amshqrsla wus,  ld¾uslj ksIamdokfha oS SO₂ jdhqj fhdod .kshs  th ksIamdokhg Ndjs; lrk wuqo%jH ,shkak

fmria i,amhsv jd;fha lr lsrsu

i,am¾ oykh

8 iam¾Y l%ufha os fuu jdhq Ndjs; lsrSug fmr l=ula l< hq;= o@

oQjs,s bj;a lsrsu

9 Ndjs; l< hq;= W;afm%arl yd WIaK;ajh ,shkak

V₂O₅   fyda  Pt

 fi 450⁰

10 Ndjs; l< hq;= mSvkh ,shkak

1       - 3  atm

11 SO₂ yd O₂ m%;sls%hdfjka     ,efnk   SO₃  u.ska i,amshqrsla wus,h ,nd .kafka flfia o@    s

SO₃  jdhqj ;kql  i,amshqrsla wus,h ;=,g hejSu

H₂SO₄  +   SO₃   ---------       H₂S₂O₇

  H₂O   + H₂S₂O₇    --------- 2 H₂SO₄

12 tys mej;sh yels TlaislrK wxl ,shkak wod, TlaislrK wxl j,g .e,fmk ixfhda.h f;darkak

  -2             0     +2   +4    +6      

    H₂S -    S    -   SO₂   -   Na₂S₂O₃   -- SO₃     

13 tys yhsv%hsvh wus,hla nj ;yjqre lsrSug mj;sk ridhksl idlaIs ,shkak

 Na jeks f,day iu. yhsv%cka jdhqj uqod yerSu

c,Sh NaOH  iu. ,jK yd c,h iEoSu

14 c,Sh NaOH  iu. idok M, fudkjd o@   H₂S jevsmqr we;s jsg ljr M, idohs o@

c,h iy Na₂S

c,h iy NaHS

15 lsishus  c,sh o%djKhla ;=,g   jdhqjla hejQ jsg ,enqKq ksrslaIK fuys oelafjhs  wod, m%;sls%hd ,shkak

ous meye;s j¾Kh wj¾K jSu 

;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

oqUqre j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

 msIaGh iys; wj¾K o%djKh  ks,a meyehg yerSu

ous meye;s j¾Kh wj¾K jSu  yd ,d ly meye;s wjlafIamhla ,enSu

l¿ wjlafIamhla ,enSu

;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu yd ;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

 ye,ck

1 ,d ly meye;s jdhqj   ,d fld< meye;s jdhqj  l¿ meye;s >kh  oUqre meye o%jh fuu .=K

wkqj tajd j¾. lrkak

,d ly meye;s jdhqj F₂          ,d fld< meye;s jdhqj    Cl₂ 

 l¿ meye;s >kh  I₂            oqUqre meye o%jh Br₂

2 r;a l< fldm¾ yd hlv uQ, o%jH iu. laf,darSka m%;sls%hd lrhs    iEfok M, yd tys j¾Kh ,shkak

        CuCl₂     ly 

         FeCl₃   oqUqre

3 Tng >k fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak

 idkao H₂SO₄ iu. r;a l< jsg ous meyd;s jdhqjla ksmojkafka l=ula o@

fidavshus whvhsvs

4  tu jdhqj l=ula o@

 I₂    

5 msIaGh y|qkd .ekSu i|yd fuys c,Sh o%djKhla iEosug wjYH kus Tn l=ula l< hq;= o@

fmdgEishus whvhsvs o%djKhl whvSka  iaMgsl osh lsrSu

6 b;srs ,jK idok M, fudkjd o@ oq¾j, wus,hla f,i yeisfrkafka ljr M,h o@

HCl  / HF /Br₂ / I₂

HF

7 y;ajk ldKavfha HCl  / HF / HCl  / HI jvd wia:dhS yhsv%hsvh ,shkak thg fya;=j l=ula o@

HI

nkaOk Yla;s w.h wvqjSu $ nkaOk os. jevs jSu

 

8 tu ,jK j,ska ye,ck ,nd .ekSug l=ula l< hq;= o@

 tu ,jK MnO₂  yd H₂SO₄    iu. r;a lsrsu

9 jsoHd.drfha oS fuu jdhqj reia l< hq;af;a hgsl=re jsia:dmkfhka o@ Wvql=re úia:dmkfhka o@

hgsl=re jsia:dmkh

10 wdf,dalh ke;sjsg c,h jsfhdackh lrkafka ljr jdhqjo@

  F₂  

11 wdf,dalh we;sjsg c,h jsfhdackh lrkafka ljr jdhqjo@

Ci₂     / Br₂  

HOCl

12 iEfok o%djK w;rska  jsrxck yelshdj we;af;a ljr o%djKhg o@ tu yelshdj we;s ixfhda.h ,shkak

laf,darSka oshr

13 j¾Kj;a o%jH wj¾K jkafka l=ula ksid o@ tu ls%hdj,sfha ku ,shkak o%djKfha b;srs jkafka l=ula o@

mrudKql Tlaiscka

jsrxckh

HOCl

14  NaOCl     NaClO₃ jeks ixfhda. ,nd .ekSu i|yd laf,darska Ndjs; lrhs ta y|yd wjYH ;;aj yd iuSlrK ,shkak

Cl₂ + 2NaOH                          NaCl + NaOCl + H₂O

15 Tng fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak

MnO₂  yd H₂SO₄    iu. r;a lsrsu

16 ldur WIaK;ajfha oS yhsv%cka iu. m%;sls%hd jk jdhqqjla ,shkak

F₂ /  Cl₂  

 17 r;a l< jsg muKla m%;sls%hd jk ye,ck jdhq fudkjd o@

I₂     / Br₂  

18 tu ,laIKh wkqj ye,ck j, ils%h;dj jevsjk ms,sfj,g ilikak

   I₂     / Br₂      /  Cl₂   /           F₂      

19 ye,ck Tlaisldrl f,i ls%hd lrhs

j¾K jsm¾hdihla iis; tjeks m%;sls%hdjlg WodyrKhla fokak j¾K jsm¾hdih l=ula o@

NaI + Cl₂                     NaCl + I₂   

oqUqre j¾Kh ,enSu

20 fuu o%djKhg  nsxoq lsysmhla tla lr ;oska fi,jQ  jsg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

21 ils%h;dj jevs ye,ckh  u.ska ils%h;dfjka wvq ye,ck whkh jsia:dmkh$TlaislrKh lrhs     m%dfhda.sl f,i jsoHd.drfha oS th Tmamq lrkafka flfia o@

 ye,ck whk iys; o%djK 2la  ,nd .eksu tu o%djK ;=,g CCl₄ nxoq lsysmmla fhoSu o%djKh fldgia follg fnoSu  fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs

tla fldgilg Br₂ jdhqj;a wfkla fldgig Cl₂     jdhqj;a hejSu

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu  k,h m;=f,a oqUqres j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

22 Tng fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak tajd f,an,a lr fkdue;s kus tys wkkH;dj fidhd .kafka flfia o@

ta i|yd fuysoS ,efnk kstslaIK ,=sikak

A   B   C  D jYfhka f,an,a  lsrsu thska ,nd .kakd wkqrem o%djK j,g is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs nxoqj ne.ska fh oSu

23 k, 3 l wj;afIam iEfohs tu j¾K ,shkak

24 ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhla thg tl;= l< jsg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

tjeks ;j;a mrslaIK k, lgsg,hlg  f,vs khsgsfg%gs fhoSu

25 ,efnk wjlafIam j, j¾K ,shkak

26 juj ksrSlaIK u.ska myiqfjka fjka lr .; yelafla ljr k,h o@

fyf,ags ^1&  $ fyf,ags ^111&  $ fyf,ags ^V&  $m fyf,ags ^V11& 

27 fuu LKavl ksrEmkh lsrSug  iQ;% .,mkak

OCl    / ClO₂ ^–    / ClO₃^-     /   ClO₄ ^-      

OCl  -  fyf,ags ^1& 

 ClO₂ ^–   fyf,ags ^111&

 ClO₃^-    fyf,ags ^V&

     ClO₄ ^-    _-  m fyf,ags ^V11&  

Shape of Molecules

wKqj, yevh

1 mrudKqjla ia:dhs  ùu i|yd fhdod .kakd  Wml%u fudkjdo@

  wjidk m%Odk uÜgu iïmq¾K lr.ekSu

  ta i|yd bf,lafg%dak msglsÍu $ ,nd.ekSu fyda yjqf,a ;nd.ekSu

2 iuyr wKq iEoSfïoS fuu l%shdud¾.h iïmq¾K ke; tjeks ixfhda. j, oel .; yels ,laIK

   wia:dhsùu

3 ta i|yd WodyrKhla fokak

NO

4 ¨úia jHqyh hkq l+ulao@

   wKqjl mj;sk iy ixhqc nkaOk j, we;s  bf,lafg%dak ;s;a$ l;sr jeks ixfla; uÕska ksrEmKh

5 wKqjl yevh ;SrKh lrkafka l+ulao@

uOH mrudKqj jgd msysgk nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d j, osYdk;ùu

6 bf,lafg%dak j,d osYdk;sh ;SrKh jkafka l+ula u;o@

nkaOk j,d .Kk yd talir j,d .Kk

7 nkaOk j,djla f,i ie,flkafka l+ulao@

  mrudKq 2 w;r we;s yjq,a nkaOkhla σ nkaOkhla

8 ¨úia wï, jHqyhla we|SfïoS m<uq mshjr l+ulao@

   uOH mrudKqj f;dard tys wjidk m%Odk uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak ;s;a$ l;sr uÕska igyka lsÍu

9 fojk mshjf¾ oS l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

yels ;rus oqrg ia:dhs jskHdih ,nd .ekSu i|yd  iy nkaOk fhoSu ^;s;a l;sr u.ska&

10 iy ixhqc bf,lafg%dak j,d ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

 nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d

11 wju jsl¾IK n, we;s jkafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r o@

    nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d yd nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r

12 Wmrsu jsl¾IK n, we;s jkafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r o@

    talir bf,lafg%dak j,d yd talir bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r

13 nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d 4la muKla we;akus tys  jsl¾IK n, wdldr lShla mj;S o@    tys yevh l=ula o@

tlhs

p;=ia;,Shhs

14 nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d 3 la yd talir bf,lafg%dak j,d 1 we;akus tys  jsl¾IK n, wdldr lShla mj;S o@   ta fudkjd o@

folls

nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d yd nkaOk

bf,lafg%dak j,d   w;r jslraIK n, m%n,;dj   < nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d  yd talir

bf,lafg%dak j,d  w;r jslraIK n, m%n,;dj

15 wju jsl¾IK n, hla oefkk wjia:d fjs tys yevh l=ula o@

msrusvSh

Electro Magnetic Waves -2

jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.

1 ;rx.hl ixLHd;h v  ;rx. wdhduh    ג kus j jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.hl m%fjs.h ,nd .kafka flfia o@

;rx. wdhduh  · ixLHd;h = m%fjs.h C

2 ma,dkala ksh;h h okafka kus jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.hl Yla;sh E fidhd .; yelsh

    6.624 X10^-34 Js  = h

Yla;sh E =  m%fjs.h  x h

3 fuu iuslrK j,g wkqj ;rx.hl Yla;sh yd ;rx. wdhduh  w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

E =  C x h / ג

4 ;rx.hl Yla;sh wvqjk jsg tys ;rx. wdhduhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

;rx. wdhduh  jevsfjhs’’

5 jsoHq;a pqusnl j¾Kdj,sh ilid we;af;a flfia o@

 wdfrdayKh jk f,ig jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx. fm< ieliSu u.ska

6 usksia weig y|qkd .; yelafla ljr mrdihg wh;a ;rx. wdhduhka o@

           ous                     360  nm  -    420 nm  

          bkavsf.da               420 nm    -    455  nm

          ks,a                     455  nm –-    470 nm

          fld<                   470 nm  -   550 nm  

          ly                     550 nm  -    580 nm  

          ;eUs,s                  580 nm  -  620 nm  

          r;=                     620 nm  -   700 nm  

    y|qkd .; yels  mrdih   360  nm   -700 nm  

7 wvq u ;rx. wdhduh $ jevsu ixLHd;h we;af;a ljr  j¾K j,g wh;a jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx. j,g o@  

           ou

8  ,s;shus ,jKhla  nkaika   oe,a,g  we,a,Q jsg r;= jraKh ,enqfka wehs@

,jKh r;a lsrsfus oS  r;= j¾Khg wh;a ;rx. wdhduhka iys; jslsrKhla ksl=;a lrk ksid h

9 usksidf.a wei ixfjsos jk mrdih l=ula o@

360 nm   - 700 nm  

10     700 nm  jevs mrdih ljr kulska y|qka jhs o@ thg wh;a Tn okakd fjk;a ;rx.j, kus ,shkak

wfOdarla; mrdih

f¾vsfhda ;rx.

laIqo% ;rx.

wfOdarla; ;rx.

11      420 nm  wvq mrdih ljr kulska y|qka jhs o@ thg wh;a Tn okakd fjk;a ;rx.j, kus ,shkak

mdrcdusnQ, mrdih

  mdrcdusnQ, ;rx.

  X lsrK

   γ lsrK

12 my; oelafjk ld¾hhka j,oS fhdod .kakd tla tla ;rx. wdldr j, ku ,shkak

wia:s ns|Su y|qkd .ekSug  ---  X lsrK

ms<sld j,g m%;sldr lsrsu  ---   γ lsrK

nkaOk os. fijsu    ---  X lsrK

iaMgsl PdhdrEm .eksu  ---  X lsrK

 uqo,a fkdagsgqj, ryia wxl lshjSu  --- mdrcdusnQ, ;rx.

fN!; psls;ail m%;sldr i|yd  ---- wfOdarla; ;rx.

oqria: md,l j,  --- wfOdarla; ;rx.

 .=jka jsoq,s yd rEm jdyskS ikaksfjs okh  ---- f¾vsfhda ;rx.

Woqkaj, ls%hdldrs;ajh --- laIqo% ;rx.

jsInsc keiSug  ---- mdrcdusnQ, ;rx.

j¾Kdj,slaI jsYaf,aIKh  --- mdrcdusnQ, ;rx. $ laIqo% ;rx. $ wfOdarla; ;rx.

j¾Kus;sl jsYaf,aIKh   ---oDYH ;rx.

13 iqoq wdf,dalh jsjsO ;rx. wdhduhkag wkqj fjka lrkafka flfia o@

ms%iauhla u.ska wmlsrkh lsrsfuka

14 tysoS Ndjs;hg .kafka tu ;rx. j, ljr .=Kdx.h o@

j¾;kh yelshdfjs fjkila mej;Su

15 j¾Kdj,SlaIhla ;=,ska  iqoq wdf,dalh foi ne,Sfus oS  l=ula ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

j¾K ;Sre 7la oel .; yelsh

 16  r;= j¾K ;Srejla jYfhka osiajsug fya;=j l=ula o@

 ;rx. wdhdu h 620 nm  -   700 nm  olajd mrdih rl= j¾Kh f,i wei y|qkd .eksu ksid

tla tla ixLHd;hg wh;a wkqhd; fraLd iusm f,i m;s; jSfuka  r;= j¾K ;Srejla ks¾udKh fjhs

17 hus wjia:djloS tla ixLHd;hlg 700 nm  wh;a jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK ksl=;a fjhs kus ljr ksrslaIKhla ,efnkq we;a o@

r;= meye;s fraLdjla ,efnkq we;

18 ksYaps; fraLd jla ,efnkafka l=ula ksid o@

ksYaps; Yla;shla msgjk ksid iEu jsgu kshus; ixLHd;hlska hq;a jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrKhla ksoyia lrhs

19 ljr f,day ,jK nkaika oe,a,g we,a,Q jsg j¾Kdj,SlaIhla ;=,ska  ksrslaiSfus oS fld< j¾Khg wh;a f¾Ldjla ,nd fohs o@

fnsrshus ,jK

20 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKq iys; k,hlg jsoHq;a  Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg ksl=;ajk  jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK j, oDYH mrdih y|qkd .;af;a ljq o@

ndu¾ jsiska

tu oDYH j¾Kdj,sh wdY%fhka mrudKqj ms<sn| wkdjels mejiQfha ljq o@

kS,a fnda¾ jsiska

Yla;sh ,nd .;ajsg bf,lafg%dak W;af;acs; ;;ajhg m;ajk nj o tjeks bf,lafg%dak by< Yla;s ugsgulg we;=,q jSu isoqjk njo fuysoS fmkajd oS we; ksl=;a jkafka l=uk wjia:d fjsoso

tjsg we;sjk wia:dhS nj ksid kej; bf,lafg%dak

Yla;sh ksoyia lruska

my< Yla;s ;;ajhlg we;=,q jSfkus oSa

tu Yla;sh jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK hla we;slrhs'

oDYH j¾Kdj,sh f¾Ld lShla ,enqfka o@

4

 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKqj, j,g Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg  ksl=;ajk jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK fya;=fjka j¾Kj;a f¾Ld 4la ,efnhs tu j¾K fudkjd o@

ous $bkavsf.da $r;= $ly

21 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKqj, j,g Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg  ksl W;af;acs; ;;ajhg $ ielUqkq wjia:dj g  m;a fjhs mj;sk ugsgug jvd by< Yla;s ugsgulg .uka l<o tysoS we;sjk wia:dhS Ndjh ksid isoq jkafka l=ula o@

 my<ska mj;sk ugsgulg bf,lafg%dakh we;=¿ jSu ksid ,nd .;a Yla;sh fyda thska fldgila ksoyia jsu

22 iEu jsgu ksYaps; f¾Ld fY%aKshla ,enqfka wehs @

my<ska mj;sk  ksYaps; ugsgulg bf,lafg%dakh we;=¿ jSu ksid iEu jsgu ksYaps; Yla;shla iEu jsgu ksoyia jSu

23 r;= j¾Khg fya;=jk  jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK iEoqfka wehs@

 ;=kajk  Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug

bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

24 ous j¾Khg fya;=jk   jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK iEoqfka wehs@

yhjk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug

bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

25 my; oelafjk tla tla f¾Ld w;sjSug fya;= fokak

Hα   --- f;jk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

Hβ--- isjsjk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

Yla;s ugsgus

 iuyr  ,jK nkaika oe,a,lg we,a,Q jsg j¾Kj;a fjhs r;= ous ly jeks j¾K we;sjk wjia:d i|yd WodyrK fokak

fmdgEishus

fidavshus

,s;shus’

iafg%dkapshus

usksia weig y|qkd.; yels j¾K fudkjd  o@

ous   bkavsf.da  ks,a   fld<   ly      ;eUs,s    r;=

iqoq wdf,dalfha  mj;sk fuu j¾K fjkalr yels wjia:d i\yka lrkak

ms%iauhla u.ska isoq lrk wmlsrKh

j¾Kdj,SlaIh

c, nsxoqjla  u.ska (foaoqkakla we;s lsrSfus oS

  Osjks ;rx.hl ixLHd;h hkq l=ula o@

  Osjks ;rx.hl ;rx. wdhduh  hkq l=ula o@

jevs Yla;shla ksoyia jSfusoS ;rx.hl fuu ,laIK flfia fjkia fjhs   o@

ixLHd;h jevs jSu

;rx. wdhduh   wvq jsu

iQ¾hdf,dalh we;s jkafka l=uk Yla;shla ksid o@

ysre ;=, isoqjk kHIagsl m%;sls%hdjloS ksoyia jk Yla;sh ksid

jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK 

Hγ --- miajk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

Hδ -- ihjk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

26 fojk Yla;s ugsgfus isg m<uq  Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS ljr mrdifha ;rx. ,efnhs o@

mdrcdusnQ, mrdifha f¾Ld ,ensu

tu f¾Ld fidhd .;af;a ljqreka o2

,hsuka jsiska

27 by< Yla;s ugsgfus isg f;jk Yla;s m<uq  Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS ljr mrdifha ;rx. ,efnhs o@

wfOdarla; mrdih

28 tu fY%aKsh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

mdIka fY%aKsh

29 f¾Ld w;r mr;rh l%ufhka wvqjkafka ljr osYdjg o@

ixLHd;h jevsjk osYdjg

30 tysos f¾Ld fjkqjg m<,a ;Sre olakg ,enqfka wehs@

f¾Ld tl u; tl w;smsys; jSu ksid$ f¾Ld w;r mr;rh wvq jSu

31 tu ksrslaIKh u.ska .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@

kHIagsfhka wE;g hkjsg  m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus w;r mr;rh wvqjk nj

32 iqlaIu l%u u.ska fuu f¾Ldjla mrslaId l< jsg ishqus f¾Ld fY%aKshlska iEoS we;s nj fmfkhs thska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@

m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus ;joqrg;a Wmugsgus j,g fnoS we;s ng

jsfudapk jraKdj,sh

Electro Magnetic Waves -1

1 Odrdjla f.k hk ikakdhlhla jgd  pqusnl lafI;%hla we; thg ,usn.j jsoHq;a wfrdamKksid we;s jk jsoHq;a lafI;%hla o we;

m%;Hj¾; Odrdjla yd ir, Odrdjla w;r fjki l=ulao

ir, Odrdjla .,dhk osYdj tlu jk w;r  m%;Hj¾; Odrdjla Odrdjla .,dhk foosYdjgu isoq fjhs Odrdja .,dhk osYdj fudfyd;ska fudfyd; fjkia fjhs

2  Tnf.a ksjig ,efnk Odrdj ;;amrhg lS jdrhla osYdj fjkia lrhs o@ $foda,kh fjhso@

50 jdrhla $50HZ

3 fus ksid ikakdhlh jgd msysgk  pqusnl lafI;%h yd  jsoHq;a lafI;%h o tu ixLHd;fhka  m%;Hj¾;kh fjhs ixLHd;h     jevs lrk  jsg pqusnl lafI;%h yd  jsoHq;a lafI;%h   jvd;a wE;g me;srS hhs 

jsoHq;a yd pqusnl lafI;%h ;rx. iajrEmfhka wE;g iusfm%aIKh jSug kus ikakfhlfha foda,k ixLHd;h lShla jsh hq;=o@

 20,000HZ jevs

4 tu ;rx.  jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx. f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

;rx.hg jsoHq;a  yd pqusnl .+K we;s ksid

5 ;rx. f,i iusfm%aIKh jkafka l+ula o@

jsoHq;a Yla;sh

6 jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx. ms<sn| jdoh bosrsm;a lf<a ljq o@

fcauaia la,dla uelaiafj,a

7 fuu ;rx. j, ,laIK fudkjd o@

wdf,dalfha fjs.fhka / 3 ·10⁸ms^-1 .uka lsrSu

mrdj¾;k yd j¾;k yelshdj

8 iQ¾hdf,dalh o jsoHq;a  yd pqusnl  sjslsrK jsfYaIhls ta i|yd Yla;sh imhkafka l=ulskao@

kHIagsl m%;sls%hd j,oS ksl=;ajk Yla;sfhka

9  r;ajQ f,day mDIaGhla Yafjs; ;ma; jkjsg  oDYH wdf,dalh ,nd fohs tjeks wjia:djlg  WodyrK fokak

n,anhl gxiagka iQ;s%ldj

ue.aksishus mgshla oejSu

10 fujeks jsoHq;a pqusnl  sjslsrK m%;sosma;  myka u.ska ks;=;a lrhs ai |yd Yla;sh imhkafka flfia o@

jsoHq;a Yla;sh

11 ta ;=, wvx.= jdhqj i|yka lrkak

riosh jdIam

12 wOsl  jsNjhla mj;sk jsg $ jsoHq;a Odrdjla u.ska r;a lrk jsg fujeks mykl we;s iQ;s%ldjla l=ula ksoyia lrhs o@

 bf,lafg%dak ksoyia lrhs

13 riosh jdIam mrudKq j, bf,lafg%dak .egSu  ksid ielUqkq wjia:djg m;ajS kej; idudkH ;;ajhg m;ajSfus oS Yla;sh msg fjhs  th ljr jsoHq;a  pqusnl   jslsrKhla ksmojsug iu;a fjhs o@

mdrcdusnQ, lsrK

14 oDYH wdf,dalh ,efnkafka l=ula ksid o@

jSSoqre wdjrKh u; wdf,am lr we;s fmdiam¾ u;g m;s; jk mdrcdusnQ, lsrK th wjfYdaIKh lr m%;sosmkh lsrsfusoS  iqoq wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrhs

15 jsjsO j¾K j,ska hq;a m%;sosma;  myka we; ljr fjkila ksid fuh isoqfjhs o@

k,hg mqrjd we;s jdhqj wkqj

16 fhdod .kakd tla tla jdhqj wkqj ,efnk j¾Kh ,shkak

ksfhdka        ---  r;=-;eUs,s

riosh jdIam   --- ks,a

riosh jdIam  -yd ksfhdka   ---ks,a  - iqo

fidavshus jdIam  --- ly 

Molarity ans

m%udKsl o%djK

1 o%jH m%udKh uekSug Ndjs;d lrk tall fudkjd o@

ialkaOh

mrsudj

fu!, .Kk

2  A ,B   ixrpl iys;  usY%Khl o%jH m%udKh  $ ixhq;sh uekSug Ndjs; jk l%u lsysmhla my;

oelafjhs

ialkaO Nd.h

mrsud Nd.h

fu!, Nd.h

.e,fmk m%ldYh f;darkak

    1   B ialkaOh $A ialkaOh +B ialkaOh  --- ialkaO Nd.h

     2  B mrsudj $A mrsudj +B mrsudj --- mrsud Nd.h

     3  B fu!, .Kk $A fu!, .Kk +B fu!, .Kk  -- fu!, Nd.h

3 wej.vsfrda ixLHdj f,i y|qkajkafka ljrla o@

6.022 ×10 ²³

4 mrudKq fyda wKq 6.022 ×10 ²³ ixLHdjla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

fu!,h

5 jsoHd.drfhaoS mrudKq fu!,hla  ,nd .ekSug yelshdj we;s fjk;a wdldrhla ,shkak

 mrudKql ialkaOhg iudk .%Eus nrla lsrd .ekSfuka

6 wKq fu!,h hkak y|qkajd oSug yelshdj we;s fjk;a wdldrhla ,shkak

wKql ialkaOhg iudk .%Eus nrla

7 fldm¾ fu!,hla i|yd fldmuK ialkaOhla lsrd .; hq;= o@

63 g

8 khsg%cka jdhq  fu!, ialkaOh fldmuK o@

28 g

9 tys  mj;sk wKq ixLHdj lSho@

   6.022 ×10 ²³

10 tys  mj;sk  khsg%cka mrudKq ixLHdj lSho@

   2 x 6.022 ×10 ²³

 iusu; WIaK;ajfhaoS yd mSvkfhaoS khsg%cka jdhq  fu!, 1l mrsudj fldmuK o@

,sgr 22.4  / 22.4 dm^-3  

8 o%djKhla idod .kafka flfiao@

o%djHhla o%djlhl osh lsrSfuks

9 o%djKhl idkao%Kh f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

o%djKfha talSh mrsudjl wvx.= o%djH $ o%djs; o%djH  ujq, .Kkhs

10 o%djKhl idkao%Kh hk w.h ljr lreKq u; r|d mj;shs o@

 o%djH ialkaOh

o%djl mrsudj

11 o%djH ialkaOh ksjeros f,i uek .kafka ljr WmlrKhla u.skao@

ridhksl ;=,dj

 12  jsoHd.drfha oS o%djKh ksjeros f,i idod .kafka ljr WmlrKhla Ndjs;fhkao@ idod.; yels mrsud w.hhka ,shkak

mrsudus;sl ma,dial=j

250ml

13 o%djKh ksjeros f,i idod .ekSug wjYH jk fjk;a WmlrK ,shkak

msfmgsgqj

fojqus fnda;,h

Trf,daiq jSoqre

ridhksl ;=,dj

Lassen Test ans

ms<s;=re

1 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla   mej;sh yels wekdhk fudkjd o@

-      CN^-1            - S^-2      - CO₃^-2        - PO₄^-3     - SO₄^-2     - OH^-1   - Cl^-1    - Br^-1  -- I^-1

2 ljr uQ, o%jHhl ,jKhla f,i fuu wekdhk mj;shs o@

fidavshus

3 fuu ksiaidrlh iEoSug .kakd k,h y|qkajk ku ,shkak

caj,k k,

4 tla  k,hla i|yd fldmuK m%udKhl  fidavshus lene,a,la fhdod .; hq;=o@

uqx weghl m%udKh

5  th  r;a lrk ;=re r|jd ;nkafka ljr ia:dkhl o@

k,h m;=f,a we;s ldnksl ixfhda.hg by<ska we,j ;nd we;s  k,fha ns;a;sh u;

6 k,h isria msysgsulg  m;a lrkafka ljr wjia:dfjs o@

fidavshus lene,a, o%j jk jsg

7 r;a lsrSu l=uk wjia:dj olajd isoq l< hq;= o@

caj,k k,h rla; ;ma; jk ;=re

8 bka miqj isoq l< hq;= mshjr ,shkak

wvla c,fhka msreKq  oyk k,hla ;=,g caj,k k,h rla; ;ma; jk ;=re r;a lsrSfuka miq

 oeuSu yd lusns oe,lska  jeiSu

7 tys wruqK l=ula o@

caj,k k,h ns| iEoS we;s  fidavsshus   ,jK c,fha osh lsrSu

8 fujeks  caj,k k,h lsysmhla  rla; ;ma; jk ;=re r;alr wvla c,fhka msreKq  tlu oyk k,hla  ;=,g fhoSfus wruqK l=ula o@

 jvd;a idkao% ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla ,nd .eksu

9 bka wk;=rej isoq lrk mshjr ,shkak

oyk k,h r;a lsrSu yd o%djKh fmrsu

10 ,nd .kakd fmfrkh g ldnka l=vq fhdod r;a lsrsug isoq jkafka l=uk wjia:djlosi@

,efiaka ksiaidrlhg j¾Khla ,enS we;s jsg th bj;a lsrSu msKsi

11 ,jKhl khsg%cka we;snj fidhd .kafka flfiad o@

,efiaka ksiaidrlhlg w,q;ska iDok ,o fmria i,afmag oud ;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h u.ska wdus,sl lsrSfusoS  ,%Yshka ks, ,enSu u.ska

12  fuysoS oqUqre wjlafIamhla ,enSfuka ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@

Ndjs;hg .;a fidavshus m%udKh jevsjSu ksid udOHh NdIausl jS we;s nj

13 oqUqre wjlafIamhla  f,i mj;skafka l=ula o@

fmrsla yhsfv%dlaihsvs

20 l¿ wjlafIamhla idohs kus ljr ks.ukhlg t<Ush yels o@

tys i,amhsv whk we;s nj

,efiaka ksiaidrlhla wdus,sl lr w,q;ska iDok ,o fmria i,afmag  thg tl;=  lsrsfusos

21 tys i,amhsv whk we;s nj y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

fidavshus khsfg%dfm%dihsvs  Na₃Fe (CN) ₆NO         iu. ous meyehla ,ndfohs

22 tys i,amhsv whk we;s nj y|qkd .; yels fjk;a mrslaIdjla ,shkak

Fidavshus khsfg%dfm%dihsvs iu. ,ndfok ous meyeh u,ska

23  khsg%sla wus,fhka wdus,sl lr wfudakshus fud,snsfvsgs iu. we;slrk  ly meye;s wjlafIamh u.ska  l=ula y|qkd.; yels o@

- PO₄^-3      ldKavh we;s nj

24 fldm¾  lusns oe,la  nkaika  oe,a,g we,a,Q jsg oe,a,g we;sjk j¾Kh ,shkak

fld< meyeh

25 tjeks j¾Khla ,nd  oSug fya;=jk wekdhk ,shkak

ye,ck   $ CN^-1 

26 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla khsg%sla wus,fhka wdus,sl lr kgjd  bka wk;=rej ye,ck i|yd  is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs fhdod mrslaId lrkafka wehs@

ye,ck yer fjk;a whk ksid o fuysoS iqoq wjlafIam ,ensh yels ksid  tjeks whk bj;a lsrSu i|yd Wod(-

-      CN^-1            - S^-2      

27  ldnksl ixfhda.hl whksl laf,darhsv  we;s nj fmkajkafka flfia o@

tu ,jKh c,fha osh lr  bka wk;=rej ye,ck i|yd isoqlrk mrslaIKhla isoq lsrSu

u.ska