Equilibrium 2

iu;=,s;;dj   -  2

8 '

 kej; tu o%djKhg NIau nsxoqjla fhoQjsg ,efnk ksrslaIK

  ,shkak

 ;eUs,sj¾Kh  fjkiajS ly j¾Kh ,efnhs

9 '

m%;sl%shdfjs osYdj fjkia lsrsug l=ula l< hq;= o@

   hus ixrplhl idkao%K fjkialsrSSu

   

10'

 m%;sl%shdfjs osYdj fjkia lsrsfuka moaO;sh n,dfmdfrd;a;=  jkafka l=ula o@

moaO;shg we;s l< idkao%Kfha n,mEu bj;a lsrSu

11 '

 tysoS m%;sl%shdj k;r jSula isoqfjs o@ $ fkdfjs o@ 

                                  isoq fkdfjs

12'

 ridhksl iu;=,s;;djfha mj;sk moaO;shl ,laIK fudkjd   o@

 

        m%;sl%shl idkao%khg  yd M, idkao%kh ld,h;a iu.  fjkia        fkdfjhs'

       bosrs m%;sl%shdj m%;sl%shdfjS iS.%;dj miq m%;sl%shdfjS iS.%;dj g        iudk jSu

      13 '

        m%;sl%shl wjikajS ke; hkak mejiSu ksjeros o@  ta wehs@

  moaO;sh ;=, ;j oqrg;a  fl%dafusgs whk b;srsjs mej;Su ksid

14'

  nsiau;a Tlaislaf,darhsvs o%djKhlg yhsfv%dlaf,darsla wus,     nsxoqjla tl;=  l< jsg ,efnk ksrSlaIK ,shkak

meyeos,s o%djKhla ,efnhs’

15'

 thg fya;= fudkjd o@  nsiau;a laf,darhsvs iEoSu

16  tu moaO;shg c, nsxoqjla tl;=  l< jsg ,efnk ksrSlaIK   ,shkak

iqoqmeye;s wjlafIamhla ,efnhs’

17

ljr isoqjSula thg fya;= fjhs o@

moaO;shg we;s l< c,h idkao%Kfha n,mEu bj;a lsrSug moaO;sh ielfihs

18

iudk j¾K ;Sj%;dj we;s khsg%ckavfhdlaihsvs k, 3 la we;ehs is;kak  my; ;;aj hgf;a tys ksrSlaIK ,shkak

tla k,hla whsia j, ;ensu        oqUqre j¾K;Sj%;dj wj¾K jSu

tla k,hla WK qc,fha ;ensu     oqUqre j¾K;Sj%;dj jevs jSu

tla k,hla ldur WIaK;ajfha ;ensu   oqUqre j¾K;Sj%;dj                                                                 fjkia fkdjSu 

19'

 j¾K ;Sj%;dj jevsjQfha l=ula ksid o@

    khsg%cka vfhdlaihsvS idkao%Kh jevsjQ ksid

20'

 j¾K ;Sj%;dj wvq jQfha l=ula ksid o@

vhs khsg%cka fggsfrdlaihsvS  iEoSu ksid$ khsg%ckavfhdlaihsvS

idkao%Kh wvqsjQ ksid

21

   tysoS isoqjk m%;sl%shdj i\yd iuSlrK ,shkak'

        N₂O₄                            NO₂

Equilibrium 1

_{iu;=,s;;dj  -1}

1 fmdgEishus fl%dafusgs o%djkhla ;=,g yhsfv%dlaf,darsla wus,     nsxoqjla tl;=  l< jsg ,efnk ksrSlaIK ,shkak

ly j¾Kh  fjkiajS ;eUs,s j¾Kh ,efnhs

       2    ta  i|yd iuSlrK ,shkak

            CrO₄^--     +   H^{+      ………}  Cr₂O₇^--     +   OH ^–

                         m%;sj¾;H nj

3   tys m%;sl%shl fudkjd o@ yhsv%cka Ok whk-fl%dafusgs whk

4 ld,h;a iu. m%;sl%s hl  idkao%khg l=ula isoqfjs o@   wvqfjs

5  m%;sl%shl idkao%khg  idfmalaIj M, idkao%kh flfia fjkiafjhs o@

m%;sl%s hl idkao%kh  wvqjk w;r  M, idkao%kh  wjidkfha M, idkao%kh yd m%;sl%shl idkao%kh  ksh; fjs

6 tysoS isoqjk idkao%K fjkiajsu jsia;r lrkak

fl%dafusgs whk idkao%K wvqjSu $vhsfl%dafusgs whk idkao%K jevsjSu                 

7 moaO;sh ;=, ;j oqrg;a  fl%dafusgs whk b;srsjs we;snj     m%dfhda.slj y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

BaCl₂  tl;= l<jsg ,efnk ly meye;s wjlafIamh u.ska

PH Range

o¾Ylhl PH mrdih fijSu

1 o¾Ylhla c,Sh o%djKhla ;=,oS flfia js>gkh fjhs o@

2 fjk;a wKqj,g jvd fujeks c,Sh o%djKhl mj;sk fjki ,shkak

 wKqj,g tla j¾Khla o whkhg ;j;a j¾Khla o mej;su

 3 msfkda,ama;,Ska  j, frdai meyehg fya;= jkafka l=ul idkao%Kh by< hdu o@

whkfha idkao%Kh by< hduhs

4 fuu ljr j¾Kh mshjs weiska y|qkd .ekSug kus idkao%Kh lS .=Khlska jevsjsh hq;= o@

10

 5 l=uk udOHhloS tu  j¾Kh ,efnhs o@

NdIausl

6 tjsg iu;=,s;;dj ljr foilg fhduqjs we;af;a o@

ol=Kg

7 wKqfjs  j¾Kh  m%uqL jSug iu;=,s;;dj ljr foilg fhduq l< hq;= o2

jug

8 ta i|yd .; hq;= ls%hd ud¾.hla ,shkak tjsg isoqjk fjkiajSu ,shkak

udOHhg wus,hla fhoSu

 9 iu;=,s; moaO;shg tl;=  jevsmqr l< H⁺ whk bj;a lsrsug In ^– whk iu. m%;sls%hd fjhs

HIn w¿;ska iEoSu   tys idkao%Kh by< hdu g fya;= jk ksid   wKqfjs j¾Kh m%uqL fjhs

10 by; mrslaIKh u.ska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@ NdIausl udOHfha oS  In ^– whk idkao%Kh jevsjS we;af;a wehs@

11 iu;=,s; moaO;shg tl;=  jevsmqr l< OH^-- whk bj;a lsrsug H⁺ whk iu. m%;sls%hd fjhs  c, wKq iEfohs bj;ajk   ,nd oSug wKq js>gkh fjhs tys m%;sM,hla f,I oS  In ^– whk  idkao%Kh jevsfjhs

12 fu;s,a Tf¾kaca o¾Ylfha NdIausl j¾Kh  l=ula o@

ly

13 fu;s,a Tf¾kaca o¾Ylfha wdus,sl j¾Kh  l=ula o@

r;=

14  ,sgsuia o¾Ylhl PH mrdih  ;SrKh lrkafkaa flfia o@

 PH 1-14 olajd o%djK fYa%Kshlg ,sgsuia nsxoqj ne.ska tl;= lsrSu

wdus,sl  j¾Kh   mj;sk Wmrsu w.h fijSu NdIausl  j¾Kh   mj;sk wju w.h fijSu th PH mrdihhs

16 PH mrdihka lsysmhla mj;sk o¾Ylhla ,shkak

id¾j;% o¾Ylh

wkqudmk i|yd

 1  wkqudmk hla isoqlsrSfus wruqK l=ula o

fkdokakd idkao%Khla we;s o%djKhl idkao%Kh fidhd .ekSug

2 tu o%djK we;=,;a lssrSug Ndjs; lrk WmlrK ,shkak

nshqfrgsgqj  $ wkqudmk ma,dial=j

3 okakd mrsudjla uek .ekSug Ndjs; lrk WmlrK ,shkak

msfmgsgqj

4 wkqudmk ma,dial=j i|yd fndfydajsg Ndjs;jk o%djKh l=ula o@

NIaauh

5 thg o¾Ylhla fhoSfus wruqK ,shkak

ths we;s NIauh iusmQ¾Kfhka m%;sls%hd lr wjika jQ wjia:dj y|qkd .ekSuhs

6 fuu wjia:dj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

iul;d ,laIh $WodiSkslrK ,laIh

7 fuu wjia:dfjsoS udOHh WodiSk fjys o@ tjeks wjia:dj,g WodyrK fokak

   WodiSk   HCl / NaOH

   NdIausl  Na₂CO₃ / HCl

   wdus,sl NH₄OH /HCl

8 wkqudmk i|yd o¾Yl Ndjs; lrhs o¾Yl Ndjs;fhka isoq lrk tjeks wkqudmk fuu ixfhda. w;=rska f;darkak

fidavshus fndaf¾gs  HCl / NaOH / Na₂CO₃ / Na₂S₂O₃ KMnO₄  /FeCl₃ /  FeCl₂/ KI / KIO₃/

fidavshus fndaf¾gs  HCl

HCl / NaOH

 Na₂CO₃ / HCl

9 TskEu o¾Ylhla fhdod.; yelafla ljr wkqudmkhl oSo

HCl / NaOH

10 wkqudmkhl oS o¾Ylh f;dard .; hq;af;a flfia o@

 WodiSk ,laIfha mj;sk  PH w.hg we;=,;a PH jrdih iys; o¾Ylhla f;dard .ekSu

tla tla wjia:dj i|yd iqoqiq o¾Ylh f;darkak

msfkda,ama;,ska 8.3- 10      fu;s,a Tf¾kaca 3.1-4.4    ,sgsuia   fu;s,afrvs 4.2-6.3    mSfkda,a frvs 6.8-  -8.48 fn%dafuda;hsfuda,a ns,Q  6- 7.6

  HCl / NaOH

  Na₂CO₃ / HCl

  NH₄OH /HCl

  CH₃COOH / HCl

tjeks o¾Ylhla fkdue;sj fjk;a o¾Ylhla f;dard .; fyd;a we;sjk n,mEu ,shkak

jsYd,  mrsud fodAIhla we;sfjhs

Na₂CO₃ / HCl wkqudmkfhaoS  msfkda,ama;,ska  fu;s,a Tf¾kaca fjka fjka jYfhka Ndjs; l< jsg jehfjk mrsud  jsjsO fjhs

jvd wvq mrsudjla jeh jkafka ljr o¾Ylh f;dard .;a wjia:dfjs o@

msfkda,ama;,ska 

wka; ,laIfhaoS M,hka f,i  l=ula ,efnhs o@

NaHCO₃ / NaCl

iul;d ,laIfha PH w.h ,shkak

8-10 w;r

fu;s,a Tf¾kaca Ndjs; l< jsg jehfjk mrsudj  Tng ;srKh l< yels o@

l,ska w.h fuka fo.=Khla fjhs

tysoS iefok wjidk M,h l=ulao@ fuu wjia:dfjs PH w.h ljrla jsh yels o@

H₂CO₃ / NaCl

4.2

wkqudmkh loS ma,dial=fjs we;s o%djKfha PH w.h fjkiajsu  tl;=lrk wus, mrsudjg tfrysj m%ia;dr .; l<fyd;a my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:dfjsoS ks.uk j,g t<fUkafka flfia o@ m%ia;drh ljrlg wh;ao hkak fidhd .kakd wkaou ,shkak

0.1 M HCl / 0.1 M NaOH

0.1 M NH₄OH /0.1 M HCl

      0.1 M  CH₃COOH / 0.1 M HCl

PH Value

1  c,fha mj;sk whk fudkjd o@

 OH^- yd H⁺

2 tu m%;sls%hdj i|yd iuSlrK ,shkak

2H₂O_(l)           OH_(aq)  ^- + H₃O⁺ _(aq) 

3 fi wxYl 25 oS c,h 1000 g la ;=, H⁺ idkao%Kh  1 ∙10 ^-7 mol dm^-3  la fjs’ tys wvx.=   OH^- idkao%Kh  idkao%Kh lSh o@

1 ∙10 ^-7 mol dm^-3 

4 c,h 1000 g la ;=, we;s c, fu!, .Kk ,shkak

     1000 g $ 18

5 c,fha js>gk m%udKh hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ula o@

c,h fu!, tllska fldmuK fu!, .Kkla whk njg m;ajS we;s o@ hkak

whk fu!, .Kk $ c, fu!, .Kk

6 c,fha js>gk m%udKh fidhkak

H⁺ whk 1 ∙10 ^-7 mol dm^-3  la iEoSug kus thg iudk c, wKq m%udKhla ns|sh hq;+h

tnejska whk fu!, .Kk $ c, fu!, .Kk   = 1 ∙10 ^-7 mol dm^-3  $      1000 g $ 18  =18 ∙10 ^-10

7 c,fha whksl .+Ks;h K_W fijsu i|yd m%ldYKh ,shkak

              K_W = [H⁺] [OH^- ]

8 tys whksl .+Ks;h .Kkh lrkak

K_W = [H⁺] [OH^- ]  =   1 ∙10 ^-7  mol dm^{-3   ∙}       1 ∙10 ^-7  mol dm^-3 =     1 ∙10 ^-14  mol ²dm^-6

9 fi wxYl 25 oS c,fha whksl .+Ks;h    5.6 ∙10 ^-14  mol ²dm^-6 WIaK;ajh jevs jk jsg whksl .+Ks;hg l=ula isoqfjs o@

jevsfjhs

10 c,h 1000 g la ;=, H⁺ idkao%Kh w.h fidhkak

11 H⁺ idkao%Kh b;d l=vd w.hla .ekSu ksid w.h ,sjSfus myiq l%uhla Ndjs; lrhs th flfia y|qkajhs o@ th ,nd .kafka flfia o@

             P_H    w.h

            1  $ log [H⁺]  = P_H

12 0.0001M o%djKhl P_H  w.h  fidhkak

             1 $ log [H⁺]  =   P_H   =  10 ^{– 0 .0000}  / 10 ^{– 4 .0000}  =    10 ^{4 .0000} 

                P_H    w.h  =  4

13 H⁺ whk 5'4∙10 ^{- 9} mol dm^-3  idkao%Kh jk o%djKhl P_H  w.h    fidhkak

   P_H    w.h  =  1 $ log [H⁺]  =     log 1 / 5'4∙10 ^{- 9}   =  10 ^{9 .0000}  / 10 ^{0 .7324} =    10 ^{8 .2676} 

    P_H    w.h  =  8'2676

13 NaOH whk 0'01 mol dm^-3  idkao%Kh jk o%djKhl P_H  w.h    fidhkak

  m<uqj P_oH    w.h  fijsh hq;=h

P_oH    w.h  =  1 $ log [OH⁺]  =     log 1 / 0'01 =  10 ^{9 .0000}  / 10 ^{2 .0000} =    10 ^{2 .0000} 

    P_OH    w.h  =  2

fi wxYl 25 oS c,fha whksl .+Ks;hg idfmalaIj   P_H  w.h   .Kkh l< hq;=h

K_W = [H⁺] [OH^- ]  =   1 ∙10 ^-7  mol dm^{-3   ∙}       1 ∙10 ^-7  mol dm^-3 =     1 ∙10 ^-14  mol ²dm^-6

K_W =   PH+ POH

      =   7  + 7  = 14

 K_W =   PH+ POH

14  =  PH+ 2

PH =12

wus,hla ;=, mj;sk fmdoq ldKavh l=ula o@

H⁺ whk

wdySkshia wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@

H m%Njhla f,igh

f,dars yd fn%dkaiagvs wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@ th iuSlrKhla u.ska fmkajkak

fm%dafgdak odhlhla fyda  H⁺ whk odhlhla f,igh

BH            B^-_(aq)  ^- + H⁺ _(aq)    

,qjsia u;hg wkqj wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@

f,dars yd fn%dkaiagvs NIauhla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@ th iuSlrKhla u.ska fmkajkak

fm%dafgdak m%;s.%yKh lrk fyda  talir bf,lafg%dak  odhlhla f,igh

 B^-_(aq)  ^- + H⁺ _(aq)                BH ⁺

tu ldKavh we;sjkafka l=ula ksido@

  wus,fha   js>gkh jSfus yelshdj  ksidh

14 m%n, wus,hla yd oqn, wus,hla w;r mj;sk js>gkh jSfus yelshdfjs fjki   ,shkak

  js>gkh jSfus yelshdj  iusmq¾Kfhka isoqfjs $isoq fkdfjs

ta ksid ,efnk .=Kdx.hla ,shkak

   c,fha oshjSu  wvqhs $ jevshs

 jsoHd.drfha mj;sk oqn, wus, yd m%n, wus, i|yka  lrkak

                       m%n, wus,         HCl  H₂SO₄  HNO₃ HSO₄^-

                             oqn, wus,           CH₃COOH  H₃PO₄         

wus,hl  js>gk m%udKh fidhd .eksug Wmfhda.S lr .; yelafla  l=ula o@

H⁺ whk  idkao%Khhs

                                               CH₃COOH  +H₂O                    CH₃COO ^– _(aq) +     H₃O⁺ _(aq) 

wdrusNl fu!, m%udKh             1 mol                                0   mol            0 mol

js>gkh m%udKh                       - α                                                    +α                      +α

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk  1 - α                                                     +α                      +α      

wus, idkao%Kh   C kus

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk  C (1 – α)  mol                             C α mol                    C α mol        

by; m%ldYk Wojq lr .ksuska wid we;s m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re ,shkak

wus, fu!,hlska fldmuK m%udKhla ms>gkh fjs oehs fidhd.ekSug l==uk w.hla fidyd.; hq;= o@

298 K ys oS  HSO₄^- whkfha js>gk ksh;h 1 '2 ∙10 ^-2  mol dm^-3   ksh;h fjs 0.1M H₂SO₄ o%djKhl  /.Kkh lrkak

Alkyne

1 ir,u we,alhskfha jHqyh ,shd olajkak

2 tys mj;sk   ldnka - ldnka mrudKq w;r nkaOk os. lSh o   1 . 20 A^x

3 tu wKqfjs mj;sk  *hs nkaOk  yd is.aud nkaOk .Kk ,shkak

*hs nkaOk   2

is.aud nkaOk  3

4 fuu ldnka  mrudKqj ljr uqyquslrK wjia:dfjs miqfjhso@

     S P  uqyquslrK wjia:dfjs

5 fuu ldnka  mrudKqjla  jgd uqyqus ldlaIsl lShla ;sfns o@    2

6 tajd osYdk; jS we;af;a  flfia o@ 180⁰

7 md¾Yajsl f,i w;spsPdokh jkafka l=uk ldlaIsl o@

kquqyqus   P_y yd P_Z

8 tys wvqu bf,lafg%dak >k;ajhla we;af;a l=uk m%foaY yryd o@

ldnka - –ldnka mrudKq w;r

9 tys jevsu bf,lafg%dak >k;ajhla we;af;a l=uk m%foaY yryd o@

uqyqus ldlaIsl 2la w;r fldaKh lSho@  180^x

10 tlsfklg iudka;r f,i msysgk ldlaIsl fudkjd o@

kquqyqka P ldlaIsl

11 tla ldnka mrudKqjlg idfmalaIj wfkla  ldnka mrudKqj N%uKh l<fyd;a l=ula isoqfjhso@

*hs nkaOk   nsf|hs

12 fuys we;s  is.aud nkaOk  N%uKh l<fyd;a l=ula isoqfjhso@

is.aud nkaOk   fkdnsf|hs $ wlaIh jgd bf,lafg%dak idkao%Kh fjkia fkdfjhs

13 laIdrSh fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkags iu. ,efnk ksrSlaIK ,shkak

ous j¾Kh jsj¾K jSu$oqUqre wjlafIamh ,ensu

14 M,fha jHqyh olajkak

H C(OH)₂  C(OH)₂ H

15 iuyr we,alhsk wdus,sl njla fmkajhs m%dfhda.sl f,i

tjekakla y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

fidavshus f,dayh iu. yhsv%cka jdhqj ksoyia ksrSu

16 tjeks ixfhda.  r;= -oqUqre wjlafIamhla ,nd    fokafka ljr m%;sl%shl iu. o@ wefudakSh lshqm%ia laf,darhsvs we;sjsg

17 tjeks ixfhda.  ly wjlafIamhla ,nd    fokafka

ljr m%;sl%shl iu. o@

wefudakSh is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs we;sjsg

1-propyne 

18 fuu ixfhda.h u.ska we,avsyhsvhla ,nd .eksug wjYH ;;aj fokak  M,h ,shkak

fi 60⁰  HgSO₄ we;sjsg ;kQl H₂SO₄