measure Oxyegen ans

Tlaiscka

1 Tlaiscka j, nyqrEms wdldr ,shkak

O₂   yd   O₃

2 ks,a meye j¾Khla .kafka l=ula o@

O₃

3 o%j Tlaiscka idod.kafka flfia o@

jd;h o%jSlrKh lr Nd.sl wdijkhg ,la lsrSfuka

4 tajd l=ula i|yd fhdod .kshs o@

Yajik wdndO iys; frda.Ska i|yd

ridhksl l¾udka; j, oS

fj,avska l¾udka; j, oS

5 o%j jQ jsg ,d ks,a meyehla .kakd by< WIaK;ajfha os iafMdaGkh jk iqoq iamgslh l=ula o@

H₂O₂

6 tajd w|qre fnda;,aj, wiqrd ;nkafka wehs@ iuSlrKhla ,shkak tjeks yelshdj we;s fjk;a ixfhda. lsysmhla ,shkak

ldur WIaK;ajfha oS wdf,dalh we;sjsg jsfhdackh jk ksid

2H₂O₂     -------  2H₂O  +  O₂  

 NaOCl

 HOCl

AgBr

Cl₂ oshr

 HNO₃

7 th jsInSc kdYlhla  f,i fhdod .; yelafla ljr .=Khla ksid o@ tjeks fjk;a ixfhda. lsysmhla ,shkak

mrudKql Tlaiscka idok ksid

Cl₂ oshr

idkao% HNO₃

HOCl

8 tjeks ixfhda. j,g mj;sk fjk;a yelshdjla ,shkak tjeks yelshdj we;s fjk;a ixfhda. lsysmhla ,shkak

jsrxck yelshdj

9 tkacsula mq,sÕ+ .ekajsfusoS Tlaiscka ljr M, idohs o@

N₂ iu. m%;sls%hdjS  NO  $ NO₂ idohs

10 mdrcdusnQ, lsrK we;s jsg iEfok M,hg l=ula isoqfjhs o@    

     NO₂     -------------   NO ++  “O”

     “O”  +  O₂   ------ O₃

       NO ++  O_{3  -----  ---} NO₂

11 iEfok O₃  j,ska we;sjk fjk;a n,mEula ,shkak

fmg%,a wiusmQ¾K oykfhka iEfok yhsfv%dldnk iu. tla jS lSfgdak iEoSu yd th NO iu. fmfrdlais weisghs,a khsfg%sgs ^ PAN)  ieoSu

yrs;d.dr wdprkh

12 ta u.ska we;sjsh yels mdrsirsl .eg¿ fudkjd o@

fnda. wiajekak wvq lsrSu

13 jdhq f.da,fha Tlaiscka m%;sY;h fijsug Ndjs; lrk f,dayhla ,shkak

Cu

14 tu f,dayh .egsug i,iajkafka ljr o%djKhla  iu. o@ tys wruqK ,shkak ksrSlaIKh iuslrKh lska fmkajkak

Cu⁺⁺_(aq)    +  4NH₃ ^---------- [Cu (NH₃)₄]⁺² 

                           ;o ks,a

iEfok f,day Tlaihsvh bj;a lr th kej; jd;h iu. .egsug ie,eiajSu

 15 k,fha we;s o%j ugsgu by< k.skafka wehs@

tys msvkh wvqjk ksid

16 Tlaiscka jdhqj m%;sls%hd jS wjika jQ jsg Tn y|qkd .kafka  flfia o@

o%djKh wj¾K jsu ksid

17 thg fya;=j ,shkak

Cu⁺⁺ + e  ------   Cu⁺¹ njg m;ajsu ksid

18 TlaislrKh jkafka l=ula o@ m%;sls%hdj ,shkak

[Cu (NH₃)₄]⁺²  +  Cu ----- 2  [Cu (NH₃)₂]⁺

   ;o ks,a                             wj¾K

19 k,h jsjD; lsrsfusoS wkq.ukh l<hq;=  ls%hd ud¾.h ,shkak  tjsg we;sjk fjkia jsula ,shkak

jsi¾cl k,h ;=, we;s o%jh lusns oe, wvx.= k,hg tl;= lsrsu

o%djKh ks,ameye jSu

20 yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsvs fmdgEishus whvhsvs iu. ;kQl   we;sjsg r;= oqUqre o%djKhla fohs thg wod, iuSlrK ,shkak

oqUqre meyehg fya;=jk ldKavh l=ula o@

   H₂O₂ + 2I^- + 2H⁺   -----2H₂O   +  I₂

oqUqre meyehg fya;=jk

 I₃^-  _(aq)                             

  I^- +  I₂    -----     I₃^-  _(aq)                             

21 yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsvs wdus,sl o%djKhla iu. Ulaiscka ksoyia lrk wjia:djla ,shkak

10 H₂O₂ + 2MnO₄^- + 16H⁺   -----8H₂O   + 5O₂  + 2Mn⁺²

H₂O₂ + MnO₂^- + H₂SO₄   -----   8H₂O   + O₂  + 2MnSO₄

Nitrogen ans

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, chemistans.blogspot.com  m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

iuyr jsIhh tall fldgia  ms<sn| oekqu icSjSlrK iu. animescience.webatu.com fj;ska ,nd  .ekSug W;aidy lrkak 

Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu wjYH m%Yak m;%h i|yd fj; chemistans.blogspot.com  msjsfikak'                                                                            fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoSS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu  Wiia fm< jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

khsg%cka

1 mia jk ldKavfha khsg%cka wKqjg jvd fmdiamria wKqj ls%hdldrS fjhs fus i|hd idlaIs ,shkak

khsg%cka uQ, o%jHh O₂ iu. .efguska wls%hj mej;=k o fmdiamria O₂ iu. .egSu je,ela jSug c,h ;=, .nvd lrhs

2 thg fya;=j ,shkak

 khsg%cka wKqj ;=, m%n, nkaOk mj;S th ns|Sug jevs Yla;shla wjYH fjhs P₄  wKqj ;=, we;af;a ;ks nkaOkh tajd ns|Su myiq fjs

3 N₂O₃ yd N₂ O₅  jvd wdus,sl l=ula o@

N₂ O₅ 

4 khsg%cka j, WodiSk Tlaihsvj, ku ,shkak

N₂O /  NO

5 tajd ksmojd .; yels l%u ,shkak

 NH₄NO₃ r;a lsrSu

NO₂ r;a lsrSu

2NO_{2     ----------}   2 N₂O  +O₂

NH₄NO_{3     ------}       H₂O + N₂O

3 Cu +   50% 8 HNO₃ ------3 Cu(NO₃) +4 H₂O + 2NO

6 khsg%cka j, laf,darhsv c,jspsfPokfhka wefudakshd idohs ai |yd m%;sls%hd ,shkak

NCl₃ + H₂O ------NH₃ + HOCl

7 fuu ldKavhg wh;a c,jspsfPokh jk laf,darhsv kus lrkak tai|yd iuSlrK fokak

AsCl₃

PCl₅

PCl₃

PCl₃ + 3H₂O ------  H₃PO₃ + 3 HCl

PCl₅ + 4H₂O ------  H₃PO₄ + 5HCl

AsCl₃ + 3H₂O ------  H₂AsO₃ + 3HCl

8 fuu ldKavhg wh;a  w¾O f,i c,jspsfPokh jk laf,darhsv kus lrkak tai|yd iuSlrK fokak

SbCl₃ + H₂O ------  2HCl + SbOCl

BiCl₃ + H₂O ------  2HCl + BiOCl 

7 khsg%cka wKq  jdhqf.da,fha  O₂ iu. m%;sls%hd jk wjia:djka ,shkak

wl=Kq mj;sk wjia:d j,

8 jdhqf.da,fha  khsg%cka f,dayhla  iu. m%;sls%hd jk wjia:djka ,shkak

ue.akSishus mgshla jd;fha oejsu

9 tysoS iEfok M, fudkjd o@

MgO  / Mg₃N₂

10 c,h iu. jdhqjla fokafka l=ula o@ iqoq wjlafIamhla ,efnkafka wehs@

Mg(OH) ₂

11 ld¾uslj N₂ Ndjs; jk wjia:djla ,shkak

wefudakshd ksIamdokfha oS

12 ta i|yd H₂  ,nd .kafka flfia o@

yhsfv%dldnk ns|Su

uqyqoq c,h jsoHq;a jspsfPokh

13  wefudakshd ksIamdokfha oS Ndjs; lrk W;afm%arl ,shkak

Fe       fyda Fe₂O₃ 

14 Ndjs; lrk W;afm%arl j¾Ol ,shkak

Al₂O_{3   ,} K₂O

15 M, m%udKh jevs lr .eksug fhdod .kakd Wml%u fudkjd o@

iefok M, bj;a lsrsu

msrsisoq m%;sls%hl Ndjs;h $oQjs,s rys;

16 wefudakshd ksIamdokfha oS Ndjs; lrk WIaK;ajh yd mSvkh lSho@

600C⁰

2×10⁷ Pa

17 fmdfydr f,i .kakd hqrshd yd (NH₄)SO₄ i|yd fuu wefudakshd fhdod .kshs ta i|yd wjYH wuqo%jH ,shkak iuslrK bosrsm;a lrkak

le,aishus i,afmags yd CO₂

           CO₂  + NH₃           ---          (NH₂)₂CO

            CO₂  + NH₃           ------- (NH₄)CO₃

(NH₄)CO₃ +  CaSO₄  ------   (NH₄)SO₄  + CaCO₃   

18 wefudakshd j, Tlaisldrl ls%hdj ksrEmkh l< yels m%;sls%hdjka i\|yd WodyrK fokak

f,day iu. yhsv%cka ksoyia lsrSu

Na, K ,Mg ,Li

19 iEfok M,h jsh<d c,h fhoQjsg msgjk jdhqj l=ula o@ th ;yjqre lrkafka flfia o@

fkia,¾ m%;sldrlfhka fmÕjq lvodishla jdhqjg we,a,q jsg ly –oqUqre j¾Khla .eksu

(NH₄)CO₃ , (NH₄)SO_{4 ,} (NH₄)Cr₂ O₇  , NH₄Cl  , NH₄NO₃ , NH₄NO₂ Ndjs;fhka wid we;s m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re  imhkak

20 M,h f,i wefudakshd ,nd fokafka l=ula o@

(NH₄)CO₃

, (NH₄)SO_{4 ,}

21 M,h f,i N₂ ,nd fokafka l=ula o@

NH₄NO₂

(NH₄)Cr₂ O₇ 

23 b;srs ixfhda.h ljr M,hla fohs o@

N₂O

24 wefudakshd o%djKhl oshjk Tlaihsvhla ,shkak  iEfok M,fha iQ;% ,shkak j¾Kj;a ,jKh l=ula o@ 

CuO yd Ag₂O

Cu(NH₄)₄⁺² 2OH^-   ks,a

Ag(NH₄)₂⁺² 2OH^- 

25 NaOH  o%djKhl oshjk Tlaihsvhla ,shkak  iEfok M,fha iQ;% ,shkak

 Al₂O₃ yd ZnO

NaAlO₂

Na₂ZnO₂

26 ta w;frka r;a l< jsg j¾Khla fokafka l=ula o@ j¾Kh ,shkak

ZnO

27  wefudakshd Tlaisydrlhla f,i yeisfrhs tysoS N₂ jdhqj ksmojhs tjeks wjia:d 2la ,shkak

wefudakshd irdjlg oe,a,la we,a,Q jsg

 r;a l<  CuO  wefudakshd Wvska hejQ jsg

28 khsgS%la wus,h fmdfydr ksIamdokfha oS Ndjs; fjhs th yer fjk;a m%fhdackhla ,shkak

iafMdagl i|yd

29   wefudakshd j,  Tlaisydrl .=Kh khsgS%la wus,h iEosfus oS fhdod .kshs tysoS Ndjs;  l< yels W;afm%arlhla ,shkak

Pt  fyda   Cu

30 W;afm%arlhla fkdue;sj fuu m%;sls%hdj isoq l< jsg iEfok M, fudkjd o@

N₂ yd c,h

31 fuysos iEfok m<uq M,h ,shkak ljr ;;aj ai |yd  jsoHd.drhloS ljr ;;aj wjYH fjhs o@

rla; ;ma; $ 1000C⁰ oS Cu f,dayh o%djKhg by<ska t,ajd ;enSu

idkao% wefudakshd o%djKhla ;=,ska Tlaiscka nqnq,kh lsrSu

32 TlaaislrKh iusmq¾K nj y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

oÕrh iuSmfhka oqTqre meye;s jdhqjla ksl=;a jSu

33 ld¾uslj khsgS%la wus,h ksmojk  fuu uQ,O¾uh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

Tiaj,avs l%uh

 34 NO₂ iEoSfusoS  ljr wkqmd;hlska jdhq usY%  l< hq;=o@ 

wefudakshd 9  jd;h 1

35 iEfok NO₂ j,ska khsgS%la wus,h  ,nd .kafka flfia o@ iuSlrK  ,shkak

iEfok NO₂ jevsmqr Tlaiscka yuqfjs c,h iu. m%;sls%hd lsrSu u.ska

           4NO₂    + 2H₂O   + O₂ ------       4 HNO₃

Alkane Answers

Alkene answers

Electro Chemistry 1

 bf,lafg%dav jsNjh  1

iskala f,dayh  yd fldm¾ f,dayh fjk fjku lkQl wus, o%djKhla ;=, .s,ajd we;ehs is;kak

  

1  tysoS Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkiajSus ,sshkak

iskala f,dayh  f,dayh oshjSfus fjs.h  fldm¾ f,dayhg jvd  jevsfjs $wvqfjs

iskala f,dayh  jdhq nqnq¿ msgjSfus fjs.h fldm¾ f,dayhg jvd  jevsfjs $wvqfjs

2 f,dayh oshjkafka wehs@

iuSlrKhla  u.ska ksrEmkh lrkak tysoS isoqjkafka TlaislrKhla o $ TlaisyrKhla o

3 TlaislrK fjs.h jevsjSu flfia ksrslaIKh l< yels o@

 f,dayh oshjSfus fjs.h jevsjSu u.ska

4 jdhqjla f,i msgjkafka l=ula o@ tysoS isoqjkafka TlaislrKhla o $ TlaisyrKhla o

yhsv%cka

TlaisyrKhla

5 TlaisyrKh i|yd bf,lafg%dak imhd .kafka ljr mDIaGhla u.ska o@

f,day mDIaGh u; bf,lafg%dak ysÕ;djhla we;s jqjfyd;a th flfia ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

yhsv%cka

 jdhqjla f,i msgjsfus fjs.h wvq fjhs

6 jvd;a TlaislrKh jSfus yelshdj we;af;a ljr f,dayhg o@

iskala

nslrhla ;=,g wus,h fhdod iskala f,dayh  yd fldm¾ f,dayh lkQl wus, o%djKhla ;=, .s,ajd we;ehs is;kak

 jdhqjla f,i msgjSfus  yhsv%cka msgjSfus fjs.h  iskala j,g idfmalaIj fldm¾ mDIaGfha wvq njla mej;=ks

f,day mgs tlsfkl iam¾Y l< jsg   fldm¾ mDIaGfhka yhsv%cka msgjSfus

fjs.h  fldm¾ mDIaGfha jevs jsh

7 fldm¾ mDIaGfha isoqjQ fuu fjkig fya;=j ,shkak

tu mDIaGfhka ,nd .; yels bf,lafg%dak m%udKh jevsjSu

bf,lafg%dak tlsfkl w;r jsl¾IK n, we;sfjhs  tfukau jevs bf,lafg%dak mSvkhl isg wvq bf,lafg%dak mSvkhla olajd bf,lafg%dak .uka lrhs

8 jevs jYfhka bf,lafg%dak tla reia jkafka ljr mDIaGfha o@

iskala f,dayh  u;

9 bf,lafg%dak mSvkh y|Qkajkafkaa l=ula f,ig o@

jsNjh

10 bf,lafg%dak .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

iskala f,dayh  issg fldm¾ f,dayh olajd

11 Odrdj  .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

fldm¾ f,dayh  issg iskala f,dayh olajd

iskala f,dayh fjkqjg ue.akSishus Ndjs; l< jsg ljr fjkia lus we;sfjhs o@

12 jevs jYfhka bf,lafg%dak tla reia jkafka ljr mDIaGfha o@

ue.akSishus f,dayh  u;

13 bf,lafg%dak .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

ue.akSishu s f,dayh  issg fldm¾ f,dayh olajd

14 Odrdj  .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

fldm¾ f,dayh  issg ue.akSishus f,dayh olajd

15 bf,lafg%dak mSvk  fjki ljr WmlrKhla u.ska uek .; yels o@

jsNj udkh

16 bf,lafg%dak mSvk fjki jevs w.hla .kafka l=uk f,day hq.,fha o@

 Mg  yd Cu hq.,fha

17 wus,fha idkao%Kh jevs l< jsg f,dayh TlaislrK fjs.hg l=ula isoqfjhs o@ tjsg jsNjudkfha w.h jevsfjs o@ wvqfjs o@

f,dayh TlaislrK fjs.hg jevsfjs

jevsfjs

18 fus wkqj bf,lafg%dak mSvk  fjki ljr idOl u; r|d mj;S o@

Ndjs;hg .kakd f,day hq.,h u;

jsoHq;a jspsfPofha idkao%Kh u;

Electro Chemistry 2 ans

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, chemistans.blogspot.com  m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'iuyr jsIhh tall fldgia  ms<sn| oekqu icSjSlrK iu. animescience.webatu.com fj;ska ,nd  .ekSug W;aidy lrkak  Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu wjYH m%Yak m;%h i|yd fj; chemistans.blogspot.com  msjsfikak'                                                                            fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoSS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu  Wiia fm< jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

bf,lafg%dav iu;=,s;;dj 2

;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h l=vd nSlr follg fjk fjku f.k A yd   B jYfhla f,an,a lrkq ,efns

 A Ndckhg   Zn f,dayh;a B Ndckhg   Cu f,dayh;a fhdod ,jK fia;=jla u.ska o%djK w;r iusnkaO;dj mj;ajd f.k we;

1 TlaislrK yelshdj jevs f,dayh f;darkak

Zn f,dayh

2 l=uk f,dayh u; bf,lafg%dak mSvkh jevs fjhso@

th fjkia l< yels fjk;a l%uhla ,shkak

 wus, idkao%Kh fjkia lsrSfuka

w.% w;r bf,lafg%dak mSvk fjki Ndjs;hg .kakd f,day hq.auh u;o r|d mj;S

tnejska hus f,dayhl TlaislrK yelshdj jsNjh u.ska uek .; yelsh

3 ljr idOl fuysoS iusu; lr .; hq;= o@

wus,fha iajNdjh

wus,fha idkao%Kh

f,day hq.auh

WIaK;ajh

4 iusu; WIaK;ajh f,i ;nd .kakd w.h lSho@

298K

5 iusu;  f,i Ndjs;hg .kakd bf,lafg%davh flfia ms<sfh, l, hq;= o@

lsishus f,dayhla ,Sgrhg fu!, 1la jk tys whk o%djKhl .s,ajd ;enSu

6 iusu; iskala bf,lafg%davh iuSmfha isoqjk m%;sls%hd ,shkak

Zn_(s)            Zn⁺⁺ _(aq) +2e

Zn⁺⁺ _(aq) +2e                 Zn_(s)

7 fuu m%;sls%hdj iu;=,s;;djhg m;a jQ jsg o%djKh;a bf,lafg%davh;a w;r yg.kakd jsNjh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

ksrfmalaI bf,lafg%dav jsNjh

8 m%dfhda.slj uekSu myiq jkafka fjk;a bf,lafg%davhlg ^ iusu; bf,lafg%davhla & idfmalaIj fuu bf,lafg%davh u; yg .kakd mSvkhhs th y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

idfmalaI bf,lafg%dav jsNjhhs

9 iusu; bf,lafg%davhla f.k thg idfmalaIj jsNjh ueksu i|yd Ndjs;hg .kafka l=ula o@

jsNjudkh

10 by; i|yka l< jsNjh m%dfhda.slj  uek.; yels o@

fkdyelsh

11 iusu; bf,lafg%davhla f,i fhdod .kafka  ljrla o@

yhsv%cka bf,lafg%davh

12 th ilid .ekSfusoS fhdod .;a bf,lafg%davh ,shkak

        Pt

 13 jsoHq;a jspsfPoHh ilid we;af;a flfia o@

,Sgrhg fu!, 1la jk tys  H⁺ whk o%djKhl .s,ajd  jdhq f.da, 1 l mSvkfhka yhsv%cka jdhqj hejSu

14 iusu; bf,lafg%davhl  jsNj w.h lSh o@ 

Y=kHhs

15 tu bf,lafg%davh u; isoqjsh yels m%;sls%hd ,shkak

  2H⁺ _(aq) +2e                H_2(g)

    H_2(g)                         2H⁺ _(aq) +2e

16 iusu; iskala bf,lafg%davh TlaislrKh fjhs kus  fuu iusu;  yhsv%cka bf,lafg%davhg iusnkaO l<fyd;a by; ljr m%;sls%hdj isoq fjhs o@

2H⁺ _(aq) +2e                  H_2(g)

17 ,jK fia;=j fhdokafka wehs@

  ,jK o%djK w;r ikakdhl;dj we;s lsrsug

18 iusu; f,i  iskala bf,lafg%davhla ksrEmkh lrkafka flfia o@

 Zn_(s) / Zn⁺⁺ _{(aq,1.0mol l-1)}

19  iusu; f,i  yhsv%cka bf,lafg%davhla ksrEmkh lrkafka flfia o@

 H₃O⁺ _{(aq,1.0 mol dm-3)} / H_{2(g,1 atm)}  ,Pt_(s)           

20 ta wkqj iusu; fldaIh ksrEmkh lrkak

   Zn_(s) / Zn⁺⁺ _{(aq,1.0mol l-1)}   /  H₃O⁺ _{(aq,1.0 mol dm-3)} / H_{2(g,1 atm)}  ,Pt_(s)           

21 tys ol=Kq miska Tn ;ensug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr bf,lafg%davh o@

TlaisyrK bf,lafg%davh

22 tys jus mi Tn ;ensug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr bf,lafg%davh o@

TlaislrK bf,lafg%davh

23 .e,ajfkduSgrfha  iQpsfha N%uKh jdudj¾;o@ olaIsKdj¾; o@

      jdudj¾; $ iDK w.hla f,i fmkajhs

24  C, iskala yd fldm¾ bf,lafg%dav i|yd ,enqKq w.hhka ms<sfj,ska  fuys olajd we;

  -  0.76V  ,            +0.34 V    ,     C      -1.18V

TlaislrK  yelsshdj by< uq, o%jHh f;dard ,shkak th wjfrdayK ms<sfj,g ilikak

C, iskala yd fldm¾

25 jvd jsoHq;a Ok uQ, o%jHh l=ula o@

C

26 jevs jsNjhla iys; fldaIhla idod .; yelafla ljr  f,day hq.,fhka o@idod .kakd fldaIfha

js' .d' n'fidhd .;yels iuSlrKhla ,shkak

C yd fldm¾

E cell    =    E _RHS –   E _LHS          fyda             E cell     = E _TlaisyrK –E _TlaislrK 

         =+  0.34 V   - (-1.18V)

27 iskala yd fldm¾ iusu; ;;aj hgf;a Ndjs; l<fyd;a iEfok fldaIfha TlaislrK w¾O m%;sls%hd ,shkak  fldaI m%;sls%hdj ,shkak

TlaislrK w¾O m%;sls%hd

Zn_(s)            Zn⁺⁺ _(aq) +2e

TlaisyrK w¾O m%;sls%hd

Cu⁺⁺ _(aq) +2e                Cu_(s)

fldaI m%;sls%hdj

Zn_(s) / Zn⁺⁺ _{(aq,1.0mol dm-3)}   /         Cu⁺⁺ _{(aq,1.0 mol dm-3)} / Cu_(s)

Zn_(s)    + Cu⁺⁺ _(aq)                                 Zn⁺⁺ _(aq)            +Cu_(s)   H= -213KJ mol^-1

28 fuu iuSlrKhg wkqj m%;sls%hdj isoqjk jsg  fldaIfha WIaK;ajh jevsfjs o@ $wvqfjs o@

fldaIfha WIaK;ajh jevsfjs

29 fuu moaO;shg iskala whk tl;= l< jsg iu;=,s;;dj ljr foig fhduq fjhs o@

iskala ;ekam;a jSu

jug fhduqjsu

30 iskala ;ekam;a jSu isoq jqjfyd;a ta i|yd jehjkafka fudkjd o@ tjsg jsNjhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

bf,lafg%dak

bf,lafg%dak mSvkh wvqfjhs jsNjh wvqfjhs

31 fuu moaO;shg iskala whk wvq l< jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

iu;=,s;;dj ol=Kg fhduqjsu f,dayh oshfjhs

bf,lafg%dak mSvkh jevsfjhs  bf,lafg%dav jsNjh jevs fjhs

32fuu moaO;shg fldm¾ whk jevs l< jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

 fldm¾ f,dayh iEoSug keUqre jSu bf,lafg%davh u;  mSvkh wvqfjhs  bf,lafg%dav jsNjh jevs fjhs