P Block -2 answers

15 Tn okakd WodiSk  yhsv%hsv    ,shkak

            SiH₄ 

16   wdus,sl ,laIK mj;skafka ljrlao@ ta w;rska oqn, wdus,sl  yhsv%hsv    ,shkak tys oS c,h iu. idok  wdus,sl M,h l=ula o@

PH₃   H₂S  HCl

m%n, wdus,sl   HCl       

oqn, wdus,sl     PH₃

17 miajk ldKavfha we;s Tlaihsv j,ska NdIausl ,laIK fmkajkafka l+ula o@

Bi₂O₃

18 wdus,sl ,laIK mj;skafka ljrlo@ ta w;rska oqn, wdus,sl  Tlaihsvh ,shkak

wdus,sl           N₂O₃   P₂O₅    P₂O₃  As₂O₅  Sb₂O₅  NO₂

oqn, wdus,sl     P₂O₃  As₂O₅  Sb₂O₅ As₂O₅ 

19 wdus,sl  Tlaihsvhla y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

NIauhla iu. ,jKhla yd c,h  ,nd oSu u.ska

20 tu Tlaihsv  w;rska WNh.+kS f,i yeisfrkafka ljrla o@

As₂O₃  Sb₂O₃

21 Tn okakd Wodisk  Tlaihsv  ,shkak

NO   ,  N₂O , CO ,H₂O

22 mQ¾K f,i c,jspsfPokh jk laf,darhsv ,shkak tysos jdhqjla ,nd fokafka l=ula o@ tu jdhqj y|qkd .; yels mrslaIKhla ,shkak

NCl₃   PCl₃   PCl₅  AsCl₃

NCl₃

fkia,¾ m%;sldrlfhka fmd.jk ,o lvodishla o%djKhg by<ska we,a,sfus os thg oqUqre meyehla  ,ensu u.ska

23  mQ¾K f,i c,jspsfPokh jk laf,darhsv  i|yd iuSlrK ,shkak

   NCl₃  +3  H₂O  =  3HOCl  + NH₃

  PCl₃  +  3  H₂O  =  3HCl  + H₃PO₃

  PCl₅  +  4H₂O  =  3HCl  + H₃PO₄

  AsCl₃  +  3  H₂O  =  3HCl  + H₃AsO₃

24 jsrxck yelshdj we;af;a  iEfok ljr c,sh o%djKhg o@ ta l=ula ksid o@

NCl₃

HOCl  iEoSu ksid

25 wus, folla ,nd fokafka ljr laf,darhsvh c,jspsfPokh jSfuka o@ ;=,s; iuslrK ,shkak

PCl₃   +3H₂O  =  H₃PO₃ +3 HCl

PCl₅  +4H₂O  =  H₃PO₄ +5HCl

AsCl₃+3H₂O  =  H₃AsO₃ +3 HCl

26 Nd.sl  f,i c,jspsfPokh jk laf,darhsv ,shkak ,efnk ksrSlaIK  i|yka lrkak

SbCl₃   BiCl₃

iqoq wjlafIamhla ,ensu

27 tu o%djKhg HCl tl;= l<jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@ kej; c, nsxoqjla fhoQjsg isoq jkafka l=ula o@

o%djH fjhs

iqoq wjlafIamhla ,ensu

SbCl₃   +3H₂O  =  SbOCl +2HCl

BiCl₃   +3H₂O  =  BiOCl +2HCl

28 ihjk ldKavh ;=, mj;sk uQ, o%jH ,shkak

O  ,S  , Se

29 Tlaisldrlhla f,i yeisfrk fuu ldKavfha wh;a ixfhda. ,shkak

H₂S     H₂O₂

30 Tlaisydrlhla f,i yeisfrk fuu ldKavfha wh;a ixfhda. ,shkak

H₂S      H₂O₂  ,SO₂

ta i|yd  oS we;s Wodyrk ljr ls%hdj,shla i|yd .e,fmkafka oehs fidhkak

        1     H₂O₂ + KI  + H₂SO₄ = H₂O + I₂+ K₂SO₄   ---- Tlaisldrlhla

        

 2    10H₂O₂ + 8H⁺  + 2 KMnO₄ = 8H₂O + 5O₂+ 2Mn⁺² --- Tlaisydrlhla

        

3   H₂O₂ + H₂SO₄+  MnO₂  = 2H₂O + 5O₂+ 2MnSO₄    Tlaisydrlhla

       

  4    6H₂S + 6HCl  + 2 Na₃AsO₄ = 2As₂S₅ +2S+ 8H₂O +6NaCl  Tlaisydrlhla

        

5     8H₂S + 2 Na₃AsO₄ = 2As₂S₃ +2S+ 8H₂O +3Na₂S Tlaisydrlhla

       

  6     2 Na +H₂S  = H₂ + 3Na₂S  Tlaisldrlhla

         

7    FeCl₃ + H₂S   =  FeCl₂   +   S  +  2 HCl

          

8     H₂SO₄+ H₂S   =  SO₂   +   S  +  2 H₂O

          

9    2HNO₃+ H₂S   =  2NO₂   +   S  +  2 H₂O

         

10   Cl₂+ H₂S   =  2HCl    +   S

         

11    I₂+ H₂S   =  2HI    +   S

         

12    4 H₂SO₄ + 5 H₂S  + 2 KMnO₄ = 8H₂O + 5S+ 2Mn SO₄ +2KH SO₄

          

13   4 H₂SO₄ + 3 H₂S  + 2 K₂Cr₂O₇ = 7H₂O + 3S+ Cr₂(SO₄)₃ +2KH SO₄

          

14    Pb(CH₃COO)₂+ H₂S   = 2 CH₃COOH    +   PbS

         

 15    Pb(NO₃)₂+ H₂S   = 2 NO₃    +   PbS

          

16   CuSO₄+ H₂S   = H₂SO₄ +   CuS

         

 17  NaOH + H₂S = Na₂S+ H₂O

       

 18     8H₂S + 2 Na₂AsO₃= 2As₂S₃ +2S+ 8H₂O +3Na₂S Tlaisydrlhla

31 wus,hla f,i yeisrsu ksrslaIKh l< yelafla ljr iuSlrKfhka o@

6  $ 17

32 Tn  Tlaisldrlhla y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

TlaisyrKh jSu u.ska

33   TlaisyrKh jSfus oS isoqjk fjki l=ula o@

bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSu $Ok nj jevsjSu $iDk nj jevsjSu

Tlaiscka  bj;a lsrsu

yhsv%cka iu. m%;sls%hd jsu

34  by; m%;sls%hd j,oS l,q wjlafIam ,nd fokafka l=ula o@

14   $   15   $  16

35   ,d ly meye;s wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

4 $ 9 isg 13 olajd

36   o%djKfha fld< meye;s j¾Khla ,nd fokafka l=ula o@ tu fjkiajsug fya;=jk ixfhda.h  l=ula o@

7 yd 13

7    -   FeCl₂  

13   -  Cr₂(SO₄)₃

37  ous meye;s  j¾Kh fjkia jkafka ljr wjia:dfjsoS o@

2 yd 12

38 msIaGfhka fmd.jk ,o lvodishla u.ska y|qkd.; yelafla ljr k,h o@ ksrslaIK  ,shkak

1

 lvodisfha ks,a- –ous j¾Khla we;sjSu

39 fmrsla ,jK o%djKhl ly- oqUqre j¾Kh  ,d fld< meyehg yrjd .; yelafla ljrlska o@

H₂O₂

H₂S

SO₂

40 jsoHd.drfha oS  jsfYaI .|lska hq;a jdhqjla f,i y|qkd.; yelafla l=ulao@

lgql .kaOh  --  SO₂

l=Kq ns;a;r .| -- H₂S  

  

41 jsoHd.drfha oS   tla tla jdhq idod.; yelafla flfiao@

idkao  i,amshqrsla  wus,h iu.  ;U iqrekavq m%;sls%hd lrjsfuka  SO₂ idod .ekSu

fmria i,amhsvs iu.  ;kQl yhsfv%dlaf,darsla wus,h iu. r;a lrjsfuka  H₂S idod .ekSu

oS we;s m%;sls%hd j,ska ,efnk ksrSlaIK j,g .e,fmk wxlh ,shkak

             

1  FeCl₃ + SO₂  + H₂O =  FeCl₂   +  H₂SO₄ +  2 HCl

              

2 Cl₂+ SO₂ + H₂O  =  H₂SO₄ +  2 HCl

           

  3  I₂+ SO₂ + H₂O  =  H₂SO₄ +  2 HI

            

 4 5SO₂ + 2H₂O  + 2 KMnO₄ = H₂SO₄   +  2Mn SO₄ +K₂SO₄

           

  5 3SO₂ + 2H₂O  + 2 K₂Cr₂O₇ =  Cr₂(SO₄)₃ +2KH SO₄  + H₂SO₄ 

           

  6  PbO₂+ SO₂  = 2 NO₃    +   PbSO₄

          

7 H₂O₂+ SO₂  = H₂SO₄

            

8  KIO₃ + 5SO₂  + 4H₂O =  I₂   +  2KHSO₄ +  3 H₂SO₄

42  ous meyeh  wj¾K jsu -  4

43  ly oqUqre meyeh  ,d fld< meyehg yerSu  - 1

44  ;eUs,s meyeh   fld< meyehg yerSu  - 5 

45  ly oqUqre meyeh  iqoq meyehg yerSu  - 6

46 o%djKh oqUqre meyehg yersu  -8

47 msIaGfhka fmd.jk ,o lvodishla u.ska y|qkd.; yelafla ljr k,h o@  - 8

.e,fmk ,jKh f;darkak

ldnfkag    $ i,afmag $   i,amhsg  $ khsfg%sg  $ khsg%hsg $ nhsldnfkag $ fn%dauhsv  $laf,darhsv $whvhsv 

49  iqoq meye;s ,jK usY%Khla  f.k thg ;kql  wus,hla f,i H₂SO₄  tl;= l<  jsg  jdhqjla msg jsh

iEfok jdhqj l=ula o@  iuslrK ,shkak

ldnfkag              ---  CO₂

i,amhsg               ---   SO₂

khsg%hsg               - -- NO

 nhsldnfkag         ---- CO₂

50 iqoq meye;s ,jK usY%Khla  f.k thg ;kql  wus,hla f,i H₂SO₄  tl;= l<  jsg  jdhqjla msg jsh ;jo ,d ly meye;s wjlafIamhla ,enqKs  wekdhkh  f,i l=ula  mej;sh yels o@

;fhda i,afmag

51 f,vs weisfgsgs lvodishlska  y|qkd.; yels jdhqjla ,shkak  th ,nd .eksug Ndjs; l< yels ixfhda.hla ,shkak

H₂S

52 iqoq meye;s ,jK usY%Khla  f.k thg idkao%  wus,hla f,i H₂SO₄  tl;= lr r;a l<  jsg   j¾Kj;a  jdhqjla msg jsh

fn%dauhsv

khsfg%sg 

 khsg%hsg

 whvhsv

53 c,Sh o%djKhlg  f,vs khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

ldnfkag    $ i,afmag $   i,amhsg  $ fn%dauhsv  $laf,darhsv $whvhsv 

54 c,Sh o%djKhlg  f,vs khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg  j¾Kj;a wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

fn%dauhsv  $whvhsv 

55 fuysoS iqoq b|slgq yev  iamgsl fokafka ljrla o thg ,dlaIksl .;s.=Khla fokak

laf,darhsv

iqoq b|slgq yev  iamgsl WKq v,fha  oshjsu yd isis,ajk jsg kej; iqoq b|slgq yev  iamgsl iEoSu

56 c,Sh o%djKhlg  is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

ldnfkag    $ i,afmag $   i,amhsg  $ khsfg%sg  $ khsg%hsg $ nhsldnfkag $ fn%dauhsv  $laf,darhsv $whvhsv

57 c,Sh o%djKhlg  is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg  l¿ wjlafIamhla  ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

ldnfkag    $ i,afmag $   i,amhsg  $ $ nhsldnfkag

58c,Sh o%djKhlg  jevsmqr khsg%sla wus,h fhdod r;alr is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

fn%dauhsv  $laf,darhsv $whvhsv

59 ;kQl wefudakshd  o%djKhl oshjkafka ljrla o@

laf,darhsv

60 idkao% wefudakshd  o%djKhl oshjkafka ljrla o@

fn%dauhsv  $laf,darhsv

61 khsg%sla wus,h fhdod r;alsrSfus wruqK l=ula o@

fn%dauhsv  $laf,darhsv $whvhsv  yer b;srs wekdhk bj;a lsrSu

62 c,Sh o%djKhlg  jevsmqr khsg%sla wus,h fhdod r;alr fnsrshus laf,darhsvs  fhoQjsg  iqoq wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

i,afmag

P - Block 1 answers

  P f.dkqj  -1

1 S f.dkqfjs uQ,oQjH f,dayjk w;r P f.dkqjg  ljr fjkila   fmkajhs o@

tys f,day wf,day fukau f,daydf,day o olakg ,efns

2      P f.dkqjg wh;a  uq, o%jH w;rska nyqrEmS ,laIK fmkajkafka ljrla o@

             P / O  / C  /  S

            P   -      iqoq P₄    /r;= P₄    /l,q P₄   

                 C    -  oshuka;s $usksrka $ w.=re

            S    - frdusnish $taldk;s $ iqjsld¾h

3   P f.dkqjg idfma;aIj S f.dkqfjs uQ,oQjH j, ixhqc;djfha ljr fjkila mj;shs o@

P f.dkqfjs  uQ,o%jH ksYaps; ixhqc;djla fkdfmkajSu     -3  isg ¬5 S f.dkqfjs  uQ,o%jH ksYaps; ixhqc;djla ^1 fyda 2& fmkajSu

4  tys mj;sk wKq f,i mj;sk uQ,o%jH ,shkak

N₂    S₈    O ₂     O₃    H₂ O     P₄    F₂

5 P f.dkqjg wh;a  WodiSk Tlaihsv ljrla o@

H₂ O     N ₂O   NO   CO

6 ;=kajk wdj¾;fha we;s Tlaihsv j,ska iyixhqc Tlaihsv fudkjd o@

iyixhqc jdhquh Tlaihsv fudkjd o@ ta w;rska c,fha o%djH Tlaihsv ,shkak

 iyixhqc Tlaihsv                    SiO₂   P₂O₅    P₂O₃  SO₂   Cl₂O₇

 iyixhqc jdhquh Tlaihsv       P₂O₅    P₂O₃  SO₂   Cl₂O₇

c,fha o%djH Tlaihsv             P₂O₅    P₂O₃  SO₂   Cl₂O₇

7 ;=kajk wdj¾;fha we;s Tlaihsv j,ska NdIausl ,laIK fmkajkafka l+ula o@

Na₂O   MgO

8 wdus,sl ,laIK mj;skafka ljrlo@ ta w;rska oqn, wdus,sl  Tlaihsvh ,shkak tys oS c,h iu. idok  wdus,sl M,h l=ula o@

wdus,sl           SiO₂  P₂O₅    P₂O₃  SO₂   Cl₂O₇

 oqn, wdus,sl     SiO₂  P₂O₅    P₂O₃ 

H₄ SiO₄

H₃PO₄

H₃PO₃

9 m%n, wdus,sl  Tlaihsvhla jkafka l=ula o@ tys oS c,h iu. idok  wdus,sl M,h l=ula o@

Cl₂O₇

HClO₄

10 tu f.dkqfjs Tlaihsv w;rska WNh.+kS f,i yeisfrkafka ljrla o@

           Al₂O₃

11 th wus, HCl yd NIau  $ NaOH iu. olajk m%;sls%hd ,shkak

Al₂O₃  + 2NaOH =2 NaAlO₂ +H₂O

Al₂O₃  + 6HCl =Al₂O₃ +3H₂O

12 tu f,dayh NIau iu. olajk m%;sls%hdj ,shkak

2Al + 2NaOH+ 2H₂O  =2 NaAlO₂ +3H₂

13 NaOH iu. m%;sls%hdjk fjk;a WNh.+kS f,i yeisfrk uQ, o%jH fudkjd o@

          Zn    Sn    Pb  

14 tu wdj¾;fha yhsv%hsv  w;rska WNh.+kS f,i yeisfrkafka ljrla o@

          AlH₃ 

15 Tn okakd WodiSk  yhsv%hsv    ,shkak

            SiH₄  

Convalent Bonds ans

iy ixhqc nkaOk

1 bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ksuska ia:dhs jk mrudKq nyq,j yuq jkafka l=uk ldKav j, o@

4 jk ldKavh$5 jk ldKavh$6 jk ldKavh $7 jk ldKavh

2 ta i|yd tla tla mrudKqfjka m%odkh lrk bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

tlla $folla $ ;=kla

3 nkaOk iEosug iyNd.s fkdjk bf,lafg%dak y|qkajk ku l=ulao@ tu bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a ljph ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

talir  bf,lafg%dak

ixhqc;d ljph

4 iudk mrudKq ksfhdackh jSfuka idok tjeks wKq i|yd WodyrK  fokak

H₂,     Cl₂    ,N₂  , Br₂

5 fmdoqfjs ;nd .kakd bf,lafg%dak hq.,hu  tla mrudKqjlska m%odkh lsrSfuka  idok nkaOk  fudkjd o@ tjeks wKq i|yd WodyrK  fokak

odhl nkaOk

H₃O⁺, NH₄⁺,

ta i|yd  mej;sh hq;= wjYH;djka fudkjd o@

talir bf,lafg%dak iys; wKqjla odhlh f,i

bf,lafg%dak W!k  mrudKqjla fyda wKqjla m%;s.%dylh f,i

7 iy ixhqc wrh hkq l=ula o@

icd;Sh mrudKq folla ;ks iyixhqc nkaOkhlska ne|S we;s jsg tajdfha kHIags w;r oqrska wvla tu mrudKqfjs iy ixhqc wrh kus fjs

8 whksl nkaOk j,g idfmalaIj fuu nkaOk j, mj;sk fjkila ,shkak

nkaOk O%ejsh fkdjSu

9 jsoHq;a iDK;dj hkq l=ula o@

wKqjl mj;sk mrudKqjla nkaOkhl wels bf,lafj%dak ;ud foig weo.eksug olajk ,eoshdjhs

10 wdj¾;hl jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj yuq jkafka l=uk ldKavfha o@

7 jk ldKavfha

11 ldKavhl jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj yuq jkafka l=uk ia:dkfha o@

ldKavhl by<ska

12 iuyr wjia:d j,os fujeks nkaOk O%ejsh;djla fmkajhs tfia isoq jkafka wehs@

nkaOk idok mrudKq jsoHq;a iDk;dj wiudk jsu ksid jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj jsiska yjqf,a ;nd f.k we;s bf,lafg%dak hq., tu mrudKqj foig wdl¾IKh lsrsu

13 O%%ejSh;djg fya;=j l=ula o@

bf,lafg%dak j,dj wiuus;sl  f,i jHma; jSu

fuysoS jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj foig nkaOk idok bf,lafg%dak wdl¾IKh jsu ksid bf,lafg%dak j,dj wiuus;sl fjhs

14 fujeks oajsO%ej u.ska fjk;a oajsO%ej wdl¾IKh jsu ksid we;sjk m%;sM, h l=ulao@

wka;¾ wKql n, yg .ekSu;a ta ksid fN!;sl .=K fjkia jsu;a isoqjsh yelsh

15 ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

o%jdxl yd ;dmdxl

16 my; i|yka wKq w;frka jvd;a m%n, iy ixhqc nkaOkh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr wKqj ;=, o@

HF  ,HCl, HBr, HI

thg fya;=j ,shkak

HF 

jsoHq;a iDK;djfha fjki Wmrsu w.hl mj;sk ksid

 

Ionic Bond ans

whksl nkaOk

1 mrudKqjla ia:dhs f,i i,lkafka ljr ;;ajhl we;s jsg  o@

wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus ord .; yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kk we;s jsg oSh

2 wdj¾;s;d fjs we;s uQ, o%jH ia:dhs jSu i|yd ljr Wml%u Ndjs; lrhs o@

bf,lafg%dak msg lsrsfuka wjidk m%Odk ugsgu iusmQ¾K lr .eksu

bf,lafg%dak ,nd .eksfuka  wjidk m%Odk ugsgu iusmQ¾K lr .eksu

bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .eksfuka ia:dhs jSu

2 ia:dhS mrudKqjl mj;sk .=Khla i|yka  lrkak tjeks mrudKq i|yd WodyrK fokak

ls%hdldrs;ajh wvqh

ridhkslj wvq m%;sls%hdldrs;ajhla fmkajhs

3 ridhkslj  ldur WIaK;ajfhaoS jevs m%;sls%hdldrs;ajhla fmkajkafka l=uk ldKavfha f,day o@

      m<uq ldKavfha

4  thg fya;=j ,shkak

 wvq Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka  bf,lafg%dak bj;a lr ia:dhS njg m;a jsug yels  jsu

5  wvqu Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka  bf,lafg%dak bj;a lr ia:dhS njg m;a jsug W;aidy ork ldKavhla i|yka lrkak

m<uqjk ldKavh   

6 tysos Ok whk iEoSfus  yelshdj Wmrsu jkafka ljrl o@ ta wehs @

ldkavfha my<skau we;s uQ, o%jHfha

tys mrudKql wrh by<h

wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus we;s bf,lafg%dakh flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh wvqhs

wvq Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka  bf,lafg%dak bj;a lr ia:dhS njg m;a jsug yels  jsu

7 ,sys,aj ne|s we;s bf,lafg%dak ip, bf,lafg%dak $kssoyia bf,lafg%dak  f,i y|qkajhs tla tla ldKavfha we;s ip, bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

m<uqjk ldKavh    --- 1

fojk ldKavh     --  -2

f;jk ldKavh    ---   3

8 f,dayhla ;=, mj;sk fujeks ip, bf,lafg%dak  me;srs we;s c,dYhla ;=, Ok whk ia:dk.; jS mj;S fuu wdlD;sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

bf,lafg%dak  c,dY wdlD;sh

9 Ok whk yd bf,lafg%dak  c,dYh ia:s;s jsoHq;a f,i wdl¾IKh jSfuka

idok nkaOkh l=ula o@

f,dayl nkaOkh

10 tys m%n,;dj r|d mj;skafka ljrla u; o@

mrudKqfjs  wrh

bf,lafg%dak  c,dYhg m%odkh  lrk ip, bf,lafg%dak  .Kk u;

11 m%n,;u f,dayl nkaOkh we;af;a ljrl o@ wkqms<sfj,g ilikak fya;= ,shkak

Li  ,Na  ,  Mg  ,Al

mrudKqfjs  wrh wju jSu ksid o bf,lafg%dak  c,dYhg m%odkh  lrk ip, bf,lafg%dak  Wmrsu jSu ksid o m%n, f,dayl nkaOkhla  Al  j,g we;

12 ;dm Yla;sh we;s jsg bf,lafg%dak  c,dYfha we;s bf,lafg%dak flfia yeisfrhs o@

;dm Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh l< ip,;dj by< bf,lafg%dak  w;r isoqjk .egSus ksid tla fl<jrl isg wfkla fl<jr olajd ;dmh ixl%uKh fjhs

 

13  wvqu Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka ia:dhS njg m;a jsh yels  mrudKqjla f,i Tn y|qkd .kakd mrudKqj f;darkak

Li  ,Na  ,  Mg  ,Al

Yla;sh wjYH  jkafka wehs@

Na 

wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus we;s bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsrsug

14 th jvd;a myiq jkafka mrudKql wrh l=vd jQ jsg o@ jsYd, jQ jsg o@

wrh jsYd, jQ jsg oSh

15 ia:dhS;dj ,nd .eksu msKsi bf,lafg%dak ,nd .kakd mrudKq fudkjd o@

ta i|yd Yla;sh wjYH fjhs o@

ke;

tysoS Yla;sh  msg lrhs

16 bf,lafg%dak nkaOQ;dj hkq l=ula o@ iuSlrKhlska olajkak

jdhquh mrudKq fu!, tlla iusu; ;;aj hgf;a wmrsus; oqrlska we;s bf,lafg%dak fu!,,hla jdhq mrudKqfjs msreKq Wpsp;u ugsgu lrd f.k tk

jsg fudapkh jk Yla;sh bf,lafg%dak nkaOQ;dj kus fjhs

iuslrKhlska fmkajkak

   X _(g)  + e  =  X ^–_(g) 

17 fujeks jdhquh jsoHq;a Ok whk   jdhquh jsoHq;a iDK whk  wdl¾IKh jSfusoS Yla;sh ksoyia fjhs tysoS ia:s;s jsoHq;a wdl¾IK n, we;s jS >k ixfhda.fha   fu!,hla iEfok jsg iusu; ;;aj hgf;a msgjk Yla;sh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

oe,sia Yla;sh

th iuslrKhlska fmkajkak

M⁺ _(g) +X ^–_(g)  =  M⁺ X ^–_(s) 

18 tysoS idok nkaOk j¾.h l=ula o@

whksl nkaOk

19 wvqu oe,sia Yla;shla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr ixfhda.h ;=,@

NaCl  , NaBr , NaI 

NaI  ;=, wvqu oe,sia Yla;shla mj;S

20 thg fya;=j l=ula o@

 wka;¾ whksl oqr jevs w.hla .kafka fuu wKqj ;=,hs whvhsvs whk fha wrh Wmrsu w.hla .kakd ksid m%;s jsreoaO wdfrdamK ork whk wdl¾IKh jSfusos jsl¾IK n, we;sjsu wka;¾ whksl oqr jevs ;;ajhloS isoq fj

Periodic Table

wdj¾;s;d j.=j

1 uQ, o%jH j¾.slrKfha  wdrusNfhaoS  ljr ,laIK Wmfhda.S lr .;af;a o@

f,day yd wf,day .=K

2 fuys oS we;s .=K w;frka f,day  j, we;s ,laIK ,shkak

>k iajNdjfhka muKla mej;su

os,sfik iq¿ nj $ >k f,i we;sjsg wdf,dalh mrdj¾;k yelshdj

 by< ;dmdxlh  ----  fndfyduhla f,day    $ f,day iuyr wf,day   -- is,slka  oshuka;s  $ C               

by< o%jdxlh-  -- fndfyduhla f,day iuyr wf,day   --oshuka;s  $ C        

 by< ;dm ikakdhl;dj  ---- f,day

 by< jsoHq;a ikakdhl;dj  --- fndfyduhla f,day iuyr wf,day   --oshuka;s  $ C        

Tlaihsvj, c,sh o%djK wdus,sl jSu --- wf,day .=K

;kH;dj $wefok iq¿ iajNdjh -- fndfyduhla f,day   

wdykH;dj $;ef,k iq¿ iajNdjh ---f,day

 o%jdxlh my<   f,day  j, kus ,shkak

ulrs $isishus $.e,shus

3 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh fhdod .ksuska isoqlrk j¾.slrK bosrsm;a lf<a ljqo2

fvdnrhsk¾ $ksjs,kavsia $ f,dao¾ fuh¾ $ fukavf,ma

4 mrudKql l%udxlh fhdod .ksuska isoqlrk j¾.slrKfha   whs;sh ysusjkafka ldgo@

reka.a yd j¾k¾

5 uQ, o%jH ;s%l ms<sfh, lf<a ljqo@

fvdnrhsk¾

6 uQ, o%jH ;s%l hl ,laIK fudkjd o@

uQ, o%jH ;s%lhl uQ, o%jH  3la we;

fomi we;s uQ, o%jH  j, w;rueos ,laIK uOHfha we;s uQ, o%jHh fmkajhs

fomi we;s uQ, o%jH  j, idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOfha uOHl w.h uOHfha we;s uQ, o%jHh  fmkajhs

7 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh wdfrdayKh jk wkaoug uQ, o%jH my<g fm< .eiSu isoq lf<a ljq o@

ksjs,kavsia

8  fm< wjika lf<a ljr ,laIKh Wmfhda.S  lr f.k o@

 isria f,i ieliQ fm< wdrusNfha mj;sk uQ, o%jHhg iudk uQ, o%jHhla ,enqKq jsg

9  fus ,laIK Ndjs; lruska ;sria f,i ieliQ fm< wdrusNfha mj;sk uQ, o%jHhg iudk uQ, o%jHhla ,enqKq jsg fm< wjila lf,a ljq o@

fukavf,ma

10 wdj¾;s;d j.=j f.dv ke.Sfus oS my; os we;s jsjsO woyia bosrsm;a lf<a ljq o@

idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh wdfrdayKh jk wkaoug uQ, o%jH my<g fm< . eiSfus oS uQ, o%jH wglg jrla iudk .=K we;s uQ, o%jH yuqfjs

uQ, o%jH j, .=K wdj¾;s; rgdjla wkq j fjkia fjhs

11 bf,lafg%dak jskHdih wkqj uQ, o%jH ilia lsrsu isoq lf<a ljq o@

reka.a yd j¾k¾

12 mrudKqjl wjidk bf,lafg%dakh we;=¿ jk Wm ugsgu wkqj wdj¾;s;d j.=fjs msysgsu ms<sn|j ljr wkdjels mejish yels o@

uQ, o%jHh we;=,;a wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jHh we;=,;a ldKavh

13 uQ, o%jH we;=,;a m%Odk f.dkq 4 kus lrkak

 S  f.dkqj

p  f.dkqj

d  f.dkqj

f  f.dkqj

14 tla tla f.dkqfjs iqjsfYaIs ,laIKh ,shkak

   S  f.dkqj  ---- wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    s    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

   p  f.dkqj  ---- wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    p   Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

   d f.dkqj  ---- wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    d    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

   f  f.dkqj  ---- wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    f    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

15 wdka;rsl uQ, o%jH  hkq fudkjd o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    d    Wm ugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s   d f.dkqfjs  uQ, o%jH hkah

16 ,eka;khsvs fY%aKsh $m<uq w;s  $we;=¿ wdka;rsl uQ,o%jH  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    4f    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

17 welagskhsvs fY%aKsh $ fojk w;s wdka;rsl uQ,o%jH  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh   5 f    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

18 jsr, mdxY= uQ, o%jH f,i i,lkafka  fudkjd o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    f    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

19 fojk ldKavfha uQ, o%jHhl wjidk Wmugsgu l=ula o@tys bf,lafg%dak lShla mj;shs o@

S Wm ugsgu

2

20 .e,fmk wdj¾;hka ,shkak

uQ, o%jH 2la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  m<uq jk wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jH 8la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  fojk wdj¾;h $ ;=kajk wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jH 18la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  y;rjk wdj¾;h $ miajk wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jH 32 la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  yhjk wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jH 19 la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  y;ajk wdj¾;h

21 tla tla wdj¾;fha l=uk Wm ugsgus bf,lafg%dak orhs o@

m<uq jk wdj¾;h     1s

fo jk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p

f; jk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p    3s  3p 

isjsjk wdj¾;h         1s  2s  2p     3s  3p  4s 3d

miajk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p     3s  3p  4s 3d     5s 4d 5p

yhjk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p     3s  3p  4s 3d     5s 4d 5p   6s 4f 5d 6p

y;aajk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p    3s  3p  4s 3d     5s 4d 5p   6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d

22 tla tla uQ, o%jHh wh;a ldKavh yd wdj¾;h ;SrKh lrkak

A        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² , 3p⁴

  miajk ldKavh

f; jk wdj¾;h        

B        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s² , 3p³

  y;rajk ldKavh

f; jk wdj¾;h        

C        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² 

fojk  ldKavh

f; jk wdj¾;h        

D        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p¹

  ;=kaajk ldKavh

f; jk wdj¾;h        

23 f; jk wdj¾;fha    miajk ldKavfha uq, o%jHhl bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak tu uQ, o%jHh l=ula o@

1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p³