Solubility Product -1

whksl iu;+,s;;dj

1 o%djKhla idod.kafka flfia o@

odjHhla  o%djlhla ;+, osh lsrSu u.ska

2 os.ska os.gu ksYaps; mrsudjla ;+,  osh lsrSug fhdok odjH m%udKh jevs lrf.k hdfusoS l+ula isoqfjhso@

;joqrg;a tl;+ lrk o%jHh >khla f,i b;srsfjhs'

3 ;joqrg;a tl;+ lrk o%jHh oshlsrSug l+ula l< hq;+ o@

o%djlh tl;+ lsrsu

o%djKh r;a lsrSu'

4 tjeks o%djKhla  y|qkajkafka flfia o@

ika;Dma; o%djKhla f,i 

5 ika;Dma; o%djKhla Tn y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

o%djKhla ;=, >khla f,i o%djHh mej;Su

6 iajdNdjsl f,i yuqjk tjeks ix;Dma; o%djK 2la i|yka lrkak'

,qqKq f,ajdhl ,qKq legs.efik wjia:dj

7 yqKq oshr ;+,g ldnkavfhdlaihsvs hejSfus oS iqoq wjlafIamh f,i ,efnkafka ljrlao@

CaCO₃

8 yqKq oshr ;+, le,aishus whk mj;skafka ljr wdldrfhkao@

Ca ⁺⁺_(aq)

9 CaCO_{3  (s)} iEoSfus whksl iuSlrKh ,shkak'

Ca ⁺⁺_(aq)   +  CO₃ ^--_(aq)                                                        Ca CO_{3 (s)}  

10 Ca ⁺⁺_(aq)  whk wvx.+ 1 M o%djKhl 10 ml g  wefudakshus ldnfkags  0'1M o%djKh nsxoqj ne.ska tl;+ lrk jsg Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;+ jk ksrslaIKh ,shkak'

11 m<uq nsxoqj fhoSfus oS ksrslaIKh ,shkak'

j¾K fjkila we;s fkdfjhs'

12 iEfok M,h ,shkak'

Ca CO_{3 (aq)} 

 13 th iuSlrKhla u.ska olajkak'

Ca ⁺⁺_(aq)   +  CO₃ ^--_(aq)                                                        Ca CO_{3 (aq)}  

 14 wefudakshus ldnfkags  0'1M o%djKh nsxoqj ne.ska os.ska os.gu tl;+ lrk jsg  l+ula ksrslaIKh l, yels o@

iqoq wjlafIamh  ,enSu yd  wjlafIamfha m%udKh l%ufhka jevsjS ksh; jSu'

15 wjlafIamh fmrd bj;a lr ,efnk o%djKh g wefudakshus Tlaif,ag tl;+ l< jsg ,efnk ksrslaIKh l+ula jkafka o@ fya;+j ,shkak'

  iqoq wjlafIamhla ,enSu' o%djKfha le,aishus whk mej;Su'

16 wefudakshus ldnfkags  0'1M o%djKh nsxoqj ne.ska os.ska os.gu tl;+ lrk jsg  ,efnk M,h >kh iu. iu;+,s;;djfha mj;sS kus Tn wjlafIamfha m%udKh l%ufhka jevsjS ksh; jSu g fya;+j ,shkak'

17 CaCO_{3  (s)} iEoSfus m%udKh fkdfjkiaj mej;Su jSu  yd CaCO_{3  (s)} oshjSfus m%udKh fkdfjkiaj mej;Su jSu

                                                 

Solubility Product -2

whksl iu;=,s;;djh 2

1 hus ,jKhla c,fha o%djH jSu isoqjkafka wehs@

c,Sh whk iEoSu ksid

2 NaCl fhdod .ksuska th iuSlrKhla u.ska fmkajd fokak

NaCl (s) Na ⁺(aq) + Cl^- (aq)

3 iq¿ jYfhka c,fha o%djH jk ,jK f;darkak

CaCO₃ $Ag₂CrO₄ / CaC₂O₄ / CaCl₂ / MgCl₂ /Mg(OH)₂ / Ca(OH)₂

4 iq¿ jYfhka c,fha o%djH jSug fya;=j ,shkak

c,Sh whk iEoSfus yelshdj wvqjSu ksid

5 o%djH;dj jevslsrsug fhdod .; yels Wml%u ,shkak

wus, fhoSu $ WIaK;ajh jevslsrSu

6 ika;Dma; o%djKhl ,laIK i|yka lrkaak

;joqrg;a o%djHh osh fkdjSu $>khla iu. o%djKh iu;=,s;;djfha mej;su

7 ,jKh ie,ls,a,g .ksuska >khla iu. whk mj;ajk iu;+,s;;dj ksrEmkh lsrSug iuSlrKhla ,shkak

CaC₂O₄ (s) Ca ⁺²(aq) + C₂O₄^{- 2}(aq)

8 fus i|yd iu;=,s;;d ksh; m%ldYkh ,shkak

K_sp = [Ca ⁺²_(aq) ] [ C₂O₄^- _(aq)]

9 tu w.h .Kkh lsrSug wjYH ls%hd ud¾.h ,shkak

wkqudmkhla u.ska le,aishus wh k idkao%Kh yd Tlaif,ags wh k idkao%Kh

fijSu

10 fuu iu;=,s;;dj fjkia l< yelafla flfia o@

M, idkao%Kh fjkia lsrSfuka $WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSfuka

11 my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:d fjs oS by; moaO;sfha ljr ixrplhl idkao%Kh

fjkia fjhs o@

CaC₂O₄ (s) 5g la tl;= lsrsu ------ ljr ixrplhl fyda idkao%Kh fjkia fkdfjhs

C₂O₄^-- _(aq) 0.1M 5ml la tl;= lsrsu ------ Ca⁺² ixrplhl idkao%Kh wvqfjhs

Ca⁺⁺_(aq) 0.1M 5ml la tl;= lsrsu ------ C₂O₄^-- idkao%Kh wvqfjhs

12 tjekakla isoq jsu iu;=,s;;d ksh;hg flfia n,mdhs o@

K_sp fkdfjkiaj ;nd .kS

13 jslsrKYS,S le,aishus wvx.= Ca*C₂O₄ (s) 5g la tl;= lsrsfu ka miq fmfrkfha jslsrKYS,;dj mj;skq we;ao@ thg fya;= fokak

Tjs

14 fuu m%;sls%hdj m%;sj¾;h nejska ehk o%djK .; jSu;a o%djK .; whk tlajS >kh iEoSu;a bosrs w;g fukau miq w;g o th ksrka;rfhka fkdkej;S isoqfjhs

wmg wjYH mrsos Ca⁺⁺_(aq) whk idkao%Kh wvq lsrSug l=ula l< hq;= o@

C₂O₄^-- _(aq) tl;= lsrsu

15 wmg wjYH mrsos C₂O₄^-- _(aq) whk idkao%Kh wvq lsrSug l=ula l< hq;= o@

Ca⁺⁺_(aq) tl;= lsrsu

16 whk idkao%Kh wvq jkafka l=ula iEoSu ksid o@ ta nj fidhd .; yelafla flfia o@

1 CaC₂O₄ (s) iEoSu ksidh 11 wjlafIamfha Wi $ ialkaOh jevsjSu u.ska

17 legdhk usY%Khlska wjYH whkh wjlafIamhla f,i fjkalr .ekSug fhdod .kakd l%uh l=ula o@ ldKav jsYaf,aIkh $ldKav fjkalsrSu$ .=Kd;aul jsYaf,aIkh

18 fuysoS fjka lr .kakd legdhkh i;=j mej;sh hq;= ,laIKh ,shkak

wvq o%djH;djla we;s ixfhda. iEoSfus yelshdj$ o%djH;d .=Ks;h wvq w.hl mej;su

19 jdIamSlrKh jevsjk jsg ,qKq f,ajdhl ,qKq legs .efikafka wehs@

Na⁺ yd Cl^- hk whk idkao%K j, .=Ks;fha w.h NaCl o%djH;d .=Ks; w.h blaujd hdu ksid

20 ldKav fjkalsrSfus oS Ndjs;d jk wvq o%djH;djla we;s laf,darhsv lsysmhla y|qkajkak

AgCl / Hg₂Cl₂ / PbCl₂

21 usY%Khla ;=, by; i|yka legdhk wvx.= fjhs kus th wjlafIam lsrSug l=uk whkhla tl;= l< hq;= o@

Cl^- whk

22 wdrusNl Cl^- whk ^;kql whk o%djKhlska& nsxoqj tl;= l< jsg isoqjkafka l=ula o@

AgCl / Hg₂Cl₂ / PbCl₂ jeks wKq iEoSu yd th osh jSu

23 Cl^- whk ^;kql whk o%djKhlska& nsxoqj ne.ska os.ska os.gu tl;= lrk jsg isoqjkafka l=ula o@

hus wjia:djloS iqoq wjlafIamhla ,efnhs

24 fuu wjia:dfjs oS th ika;Dma; o%djKhla f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

Wmrsu ,jK m%udKh o%djH jS we;s ksid

25 tu wjia:djg t,USu iu. o%djKfha legdhk idkao%Kh fijsug Tng ljr o;a;hla wjYH o@

o%djH;d .=Ks; w.h

oS we;s w.hhka Ndjs; lruska tla tla ika;Dma; o%djK j, legdhk idkao%kh .Kkh lrkak

Sulphur and Halogen

1 uQ, o%jHhla f,i mj;sk  i,am¾ Ndjs; jk wjia:djla ,shkak

os,Sr kdYlhla f,i fNda. j,g  biSu

w¿yus jeks os,Sr frda. i|yd iu u;=msg wdf,am lsrsu

2 iaMgsl f,i mj;sk  S j, wKql iq;%h ,shkak 

S₈

3 S idok wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs .e,fmk wdldrh ,shkak

 CS₂  mj;sk wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs j, osh l< S mj;sk wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs o%djKh jdIam jSug bv yersfuka miq b;srsjk  iaMgsl    frdusniSh i,am¾

200 C⁰ r;a l< S  isis,a c,hg fhoSu   iqjsld¾h i,am¾

S fldajl r;a lr o%j jSug yer u;=msg lfnd,la iEoqKq miq lfnd, ns|Su taldk;s i,am¾

4  S u.ska SO₂  ,nd.; yelafla flfia o@

wod<  iuSlrK ,shkak

jd;fha oykh

idkao% H₂SO₄ iu. r;a lsrSu

5 l=uk f,day id  H₂SO₄ iu. SO₂  ,nd fohs o@

iskala $ fldm¾

6 l=uk wf,day id  H₂SO₄ iu. SO₂  ,nd fohs o@

C   / S

6 ,jKhla Ndjs;fhka  ,nd .;  yels wjia:d ,shkak

;kql wus, iu. fidavshus i,amhsgs m%;sls%hdj

 ;kql wus, iu. fidavshus ;fhda i,afmags  m%;sls%hdj

7 i,amshqrsla wus,  ld¾uslj ksIamdokfha oS SO₂ jdhqj fhdod .kshs  th ksIamdokhg Ndjs; lrk wuqo%jH ,shkak

fmria i,amhsv jd;fha lr lsrsu

i,am¾ oykh

8 iam¾Y l%ufha os fuu jdhq Ndjs; lsrSug fmr l=ula l< hq;= o@

oQjs,s bj;a lsrsu

9 Ndjs; l< hq;= W;afm%arl yd WIaK;ajh ,shkak

V₂O₅   fyda  Pt

 fi 450⁰

10 Ndjs; l< hq;= mSvkh ,shkak

1       - 3  atm

11 SO₂ yd O₂ m%;sls%hdfjka     ,efnk   SO₃  u.ska i,amshqrsla wus,h ,nd .kafka flfia o@    s

SO₃  jdhqj ;kql  i,amshqrsla wus,h ;=,g hejSu

H₂SO₄  +   SO₃   ---------       H₂S₂O₇

  H₂O   + H₂S₂O₇    --------- 2 H₂SO₄

12 tys mej;sh yels TlaislrK wxl ,shkak wod, TlaislrK wxl j,g .e,fmk ixfhda.h f;darkak

  -2             0     +2   +4    +6      

    H₂S -    S    -   SO₂   -   Na₂S₂O₃   -- SO₃     

13 tys yhsv%hsvh wus,hla nj ;yjqre lsrSug mj;sk ridhksl idlaIs ,shkak

 Na jeks f,day iu. yhsv%cka jdhqj uqod yerSu

c,Sh NaOH  iu. ,jK yd c,h iEoSu

14 c,Sh NaOH  iu. idok M, fudkjd o@   H₂S jevsmqr we;s jsg ljr M, idohs o@

c,h iy Na₂S

c,h iy NaHS

15 lsishus  c,sh o%djKhla ;=,g   jdhqjla hejQ jsg ,enqKq ksrslaIK fuys oelafjhs  wod, m%;sls%hd ,shkak

ous meye;s j¾Kh wj¾K jSu 

;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

oqUqre j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

 msIaGh iys; wj¾K o%djKh  ks,a meyehg yerSu

ous meye;s j¾Kh wj¾K jSu  yd ,d ly meye;s wjlafIamhla ,enSu

l¿ wjlafIamhla ,enSu

;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu yd ;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

 ye,ck

1 ,d ly meye;s jdhqj   ,d fld< meye;s jdhqj  l¿ meye;s >kh  oUqre meye o%jh fuu .=K

wkqj tajd j¾. lrkak

,d ly meye;s jdhqj F₂          ,d fld< meye;s jdhqj    Cl₂ 

 l¿ meye;s >kh  I₂            oqUqre meye o%jh Br₂

2 r;a l< fldm¾ yd hlv uQ, o%jH iu. laf,darSka m%;sls%hd lrhs    iEfok M, yd tys j¾Kh ,shkak

        CuCl₂     ly 

         FeCl₃   oqUqre

3 Tng >k fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak

 idkao H₂SO₄ iu. r;a l< jsg ous meyd;s jdhqjla ksmojkafka l=ula o@

fidavshus whvhsvs

4  tu jdhqj l=ula o@

 I₂    

5 msIaGh y|qkd .ekSu i|yd fuys c,Sh o%djKhla iEosug wjYH kus Tn l=ula l< hq;= o@

fmdgEishus whvhsvs o%djKhl whvSka  iaMgsl osh lsrSu

6 b;srs ,jK idok M, fudkjd o@ oq¾j, wus,hla f,i yeisfrkafka ljr M,h o@

HCl  / HF /Br₂ / I₂

HF

7 y;ajk ldKavfha HCl  / HF / HCl  / HI jvd wia:dhS yhsv%hsvh ,shkak thg fya;=j l=ula o@

HI

nkaOk Yla;s w.h wvqjSu $ nkaOk os. jevs jSu

 

8 tu ,jK j,ska ye,ck ,nd .ekSug l=ula l< hq;= o@

 tu ,jK MnO₂  yd H₂SO₄    iu. r;a lsrsu

9 jsoHd.drfha oS fuu jdhqj reia l< hq;af;a hgsl=re jsia:dmkfhka o@ Wvql=re úia:dmkfhka o@

hgsl=re jsia:dmkh

10 wdf,dalh ke;sjsg c,h jsfhdackh lrkafka ljr jdhqjo@

  F₂  

11 wdf,dalh we;sjsg c,h jsfhdackh lrkafka ljr jdhqjo@

Ci₂     / Br₂  

HOCl

12 iEfok o%djK w;rska  jsrxck yelshdj we;af;a ljr o%djKhg o@ tu yelshdj we;s ixfhda.h ,shkak

laf,darSka oshr

13 j¾Kj;a o%jH wj¾K jkafka l=ula ksid o@ tu ls%hdj,sfha ku ,shkak o%djKfha b;srs jkafka l=ula o@

mrudKql Tlaiscka

jsrxckh

HOCl

14  NaOCl     NaClO₃ jeks ixfhda. ,nd .ekSu i|yd laf,darska Ndjs; lrhs ta y|yd wjYH ;;aj yd iuSlrK ,shkak

Cl₂ + 2NaOH                          NaCl + NaOCl + H₂O

15 Tng fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak

MnO₂  yd H₂SO₄    iu. r;a lsrsu

16 ldur WIaK;ajfha oS yhsv%cka iu. m%;sls%hd jk jdhqqjla ,shkak

F₂ /  Cl₂  

 17 r;a l< jsg muKla m%;sls%hd jk ye,ck jdhq fudkjd o@

I₂     / Br₂  

18 tu ,laIKh wkqj ye,ck j, ils%h;dj jevsjk ms,sfj,g ilikak

   I₂     / Br₂      /  Cl₂   /           F₂      

19 ye,ck Tlaisldrl f,i ls%hd lrhs

j¾K jsm¾hdihla iis; tjeks m%;sls%hdjlg WodyrKhla fokak j¾K jsm¾hdih l=ula o@

NaI + Cl₂                     NaCl + I₂   

oqUqre j¾Kh ,enSu

20 fuu o%djKhg  nsxoq lsysmhla tla lr ;oska fi,jQ  jsg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

21 ils%h;dj jevs ye,ckh  u.ska ils%h;dfjka wvq ye,ck whkh jsia:dmkh$TlaislrKh lrhs     m%dfhda.sl f,i jsoHd.drfha oS th Tmamq lrkafka flfia o@

 ye,ck whk iys; o%djK 2la  ,nd .eksu tu o%djK ;=,g CCl₄ nxoq lsysmmla fhoSu o%djKh fldgia follg fnoSu  fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs

tla fldgilg Br₂ jdhqj;a wfkla fldgig Cl₂     jdhqj;a hejSu

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu  k,h m;=f,a oqUqres j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

22 Tng fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak tajd f,an,a lr fkdue;s kus tys wkkH;dj fidhd .kafka flfia o@

ta i|yd fuysoS ,efnk kstslaIK ,=sikak

A   B   C  D jYfhka f,an,a  lsrsu thska ,nd .kakd wkqrem o%djK j,g is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs nxoqj ne.ska fh oSu

23 k, 3 l wj;afIam iEfohs tu j¾K ,shkak

24 ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhla thg tl;= l< jsg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

tjeks ;j;a mrslaIK k, lgsg,hlg  f,vs khsgsfg%gs fhoSu

25 ,efnk wjlafIam j, j¾K ,shkak

26 juj ksrSlaIK u.ska myiqfjka fjka lr .; yelafla ljr k,h o@

fyf,ags ^1&  $ fyf,ags ^111&  $ fyf,ags ^V&  $m fyf,ags ^V11& 

27 fuu LKavl ksrEmkh lsrSug  iQ;% .,mkak

OCl    / ClO₂ ^–    / ClO₃^-     /   ClO₄ ^-      

OCl  -  fyf,ags ^1& 

 ClO₂ ^–   fyf,ags ^111&

 ClO₃^-    fyf,ags ^V&

     ClO₄ ^-    _-  m fyf,ags ^V11&  

Shape of Molecules

wKqj, yevh

1 mrudKqjla ia:dhs  ùu i|yd fhdod .kakd  Wml%u fudkjdo@

  wjidk m%Odk uÜgu iïmq¾K lr.ekSu

  ta i|yd bf,lafg%dak msglsÍu $ ,nd.ekSu fyda yjqf,a ;nd.ekSu

2 iuyr wKq iEoSfïoS fuu l%shdud¾.h iïmq¾K ke; tjeks ixfhda. j, oel .; yels ,laIK

   wia:dhsùu

3 ta i|yd WodyrKhla fokak

NO

4 ¨úia jHqyh hkq l+ulao@

   wKqjl mj;sk iy ixhqc nkaOk j, we;s  bf,lafg%dak ;s;a$ l;sr jeks ixfla; uÕska ksrEmKh

5 wKqjl yevh ;SrKh lrkafka l+ulao@

uOH mrudKqj jgd msysgk nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d j, osYdk;ùu

6 bf,lafg%dak j,d osYdk;sh ;SrKh jkafka l+ula u;o@

nkaOk j,d .Kk yd talir j,d .Kk

7 nkaOk j,djla f,i ie,flkafka l+ulao@

  mrudKq 2 w;r we;s yjq,a nkaOkhla σ nkaOkhla

8 ¨úia wï, jHqyhla we|SfïoS m<uq mshjr l+ulao@

   uOH mrudKqj f;dard tys wjidk m%Odk uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak ;s;a$ l;sr uÕska igyka lsÍu

9 fojk mshjf¾ oS l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

yels ;rus oqrg ia:dhs jskHdih ,nd .ekSu i|yd  iy nkaOk fhoSu ^;s;a l;sr u.ska&

10 iy ixhqc bf,lafg%dak j,d ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

 nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d

11 wju jsl¾IK n, we;s jkafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r o@

    nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d yd nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r

12 Wmrsu jsl¾IK n, we;s jkafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r o@

    talir bf,lafg%dak j,d yd talir bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r

13 nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d 4la muKla we;akus tys  jsl¾IK n, wdldr lShla mj;S o@    tys yevh l=ula o@

tlhs

p;=ia;,Shhs

14 nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d 3 la yd talir bf,lafg%dak j,d 1 we;akus tys  jsl¾IK n, wdldr lShla mj;S o@   ta fudkjd o@

folls

nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d yd nkaOk

bf,lafg%dak j,d   w;r jslraIK n, m%n,;dj   < nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d  yd talir

bf,lafg%dak j,d  w;r jslraIK n, m%n,;dj

15 wju jsl¾IK n, hla oefkk wjia:d fjs tys yevh l=ula o@

msrusvSh

Electro Magnetic Waves -2

jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.

1 ;rx.hl ixLHd;h v  ;rx. wdhduh    ג kus j jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.hl m%fjs.h ,nd .kafka flfia o@

;rx. wdhduh  · ixLHd;h = m%fjs.h C

2 ma,dkala ksh;h h okafka kus jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.hl Yla;sh E fidhd .; yelsh

    6.624 X10^-34 Js  = h

Yla;sh E =  m%fjs.h  x h

3 fuu iuslrK j,g wkqj ;rx.hl Yla;sh yd ;rx. wdhduh  w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

E =  C x h / ג

4 ;rx.hl Yla;sh wvqjk jsg tys ;rx. wdhduhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

;rx. wdhduh  jevsfjhs’’

5 jsoHq;a pqusnl j¾Kdj,sh ilid we;af;a flfia o@

 wdfrdayKh jk f,ig jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx. fm< ieliSu u.ska

6 usksia weig y|qkd .; yelafla ljr mrdihg wh;a ;rx. wdhduhka o@

           ous                     360  nm  -    420 nm  

          bkavsf.da               420 nm    -    455  nm

          ks,a                     455  nm –-    470 nm

          fld<                   470 nm  -   550 nm  

          ly                     550 nm  -    580 nm  

          ;eUs,s                  580 nm  -  620 nm  

          r;=                     620 nm  -   700 nm  

    y|qkd .; yels  mrdih   360  nm   -700 nm  

7 wvq u ;rx. wdhduh $ jevsu ixLHd;h we;af;a ljr  j¾K j,g wh;a jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx. j,g o@  

           ou

8  ,s;shus ,jKhla  nkaika   oe,a,g  we,a,Q jsg r;= jraKh ,enqfka wehs@

,jKh r;a lsrsfus oS  r;= j¾Khg wh;a ;rx. wdhduhka iys; jslsrKhla ksl=;a lrk ksid h

9 usksidf.a wei ixfjsos jk mrdih l=ula o@

360 nm   - 700 nm  

10     700 nm  jevs mrdih ljr kulska y|qka jhs o@ thg wh;a Tn okakd fjk;a ;rx.j, kus ,shkak

wfOdarla; mrdih

f¾vsfhda ;rx.

laIqo% ;rx.

wfOdarla; ;rx.

11      420 nm  wvq mrdih ljr kulska y|qka jhs o@ thg wh;a Tn okakd fjk;a ;rx.j, kus ,shkak

mdrcdusnQ, mrdih

  mdrcdusnQ, ;rx.

  X lsrK

   γ lsrK

12 my; oelafjk ld¾hhka j,oS fhdod .kakd tla tla ;rx. wdldr j, ku ,shkak

wia:s ns|Su y|qkd .ekSug  ---  X lsrK

ms<sld j,g m%;sldr lsrsu  ---   γ lsrK

nkaOk os. fijsu    ---  X lsrK

iaMgsl PdhdrEm .eksu  ---  X lsrK

 uqo,a fkdagsgqj, ryia wxl lshjSu  --- mdrcdusnQ, ;rx.

fN!; psls;ail m%;sldr i|yd  ---- wfOdarla; ;rx.

oqria: md,l j,  --- wfOdarla; ;rx.

 .=jka jsoq,s yd rEm jdyskS ikaksfjs okh  ---- f¾vsfhda ;rx.

Woqkaj, ls%hdldrs;ajh --- laIqo% ;rx.

jsInsc keiSug  ---- mdrcdusnQ, ;rx.

j¾Kdj,slaI jsYaf,aIKh  --- mdrcdusnQ, ;rx. $ laIqo% ;rx. $ wfOdarla; ;rx.

j¾Kus;sl jsYaf,aIKh   ---oDYH ;rx.

13 iqoq wdf,dalh jsjsO ;rx. wdhduhkag wkqj fjka lrkafka flfia o@

ms%iauhla u.ska wmlsrkh lsrsfuka

14 tysoS Ndjs;hg .kafka tu ;rx. j, ljr .=Kdx.h o@

j¾;kh yelshdfjs fjkila mej;Su

15 j¾Kdj,SlaIhla ;=,ska  iqoq wdf,dalh foi ne,Sfus oS  l=ula ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

j¾K ;Sre 7la oel .; yelsh

 16  r;= j¾K ;Srejla jYfhka osiajsug fya;=j l=ula o@

 ;rx. wdhdu h 620 nm  -   700 nm  olajd mrdih rl= j¾Kh f,i wei y|qkd .eksu ksid

tla tla ixLHd;hg wh;a wkqhd; fraLd iusm f,i m;s; jSfuka  r;= j¾K ;Srejla ks¾udKh fjhs

17 hus wjia:djloS tla ixLHd;hlg 700 nm  wh;a jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK ksl=;a fjhs kus ljr ksrslaIKhla ,efnkq we;a o@

r;= meye;s fraLdjla ,efnkq we;

18 ksYaps; fraLd jla ,efnkafka l=ula ksid o@

ksYaps; Yla;shla msgjk ksid iEu jsgu kshus; ixLHd;hlska hq;a jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrKhla ksoyia lrhs

19 ljr f,day ,jK nkaika oe,a,g we,a,Q jsg j¾Kdj,SlaIhla ;=,ska  ksrslaiSfus oS fld< j¾Khg wh;a f¾Ldjla ,nd fohs o@

fnsrshus ,jK

20 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKq iys; k,hlg jsoHq;a  Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg ksl=;ajk  jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK j, oDYH mrdih y|qkd .;af;a ljq o@

ndu¾ jsiska

tu oDYH j¾Kdj,sh wdY%fhka mrudKqj ms<sn| wkdjels mejiQfha ljq o@

kS,a fnda¾ jsiska

Yla;sh ,nd .;ajsg bf,lafg%dak W;af;acs; ;;ajhg m;ajk nj o tjeks bf,lafg%dak by< Yla;s ugsgulg we;=,q jSu isoqjk njo fuysoS fmkajd oS we; ksl=;a jkafka l=uk wjia:d fjsoso

tjsg we;sjk wia:dhS nj ksid kej; bf,lafg%dak

Yla;sh ksoyia lruska

my< Yla;s ;;ajhlg we;=,q jSfkus oSa

tu Yla;sh jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK hla we;slrhs'

oDYH j¾Kdj,sh f¾Ld lShla ,enqfka o@

4

 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKqj, j,g Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg  ksl=;ajk jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK fya;=fjka j¾Kj;a f¾Ld 4la ,efnhs tu j¾K fudkjd o@

ous $bkavsf.da $r;= $ly

21 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKqj, j,g Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg  ksl W;af;acs; ;;ajhg $ ielUqkq wjia:dj g  m;a fjhs mj;sk ugsgug jvd by< Yla;s ugsgulg .uka l<o tysoS we;sjk wia:dhS Ndjh ksid isoq jkafka l=ula o@

 my<ska mj;sk ugsgulg bf,lafg%dakh we;=¿ jSu ksid ,nd .;a Yla;sh fyda thska fldgila ksoyia jsu

22 iEu jsgu ksYaps; f¾Ld fY%aKshla ,enqfka wehs @

my<ska mj;sk  ksYaps; ugsgulg bf,lafg%dakh we;=¿ jSu ksid iEu jsgu ksYaps; Yla;shla iEu jsgu ksoyia jSu

23 r;= j¾Khg fya;=jk  jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK iEoqfka wehs@

 ;=kajk  Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug

bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

24 ous j¾Khg fya;=jk   jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK iEoqfka wehs@

yhjk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug

bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

25 my; oelafjk tla tla f¾Ld w;sjSug fya;= fokak

Hα   --- f;jk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

Hβ--- isjsjk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

Yla;s ugsgus

 iuyr  ,jK nkaika oe,a,lg we,a,Q jsg j¾Kj;a fjhs r;= ous ly jeks j¾K we;sjk wjia:d i|yd WodyrK fokak

fmdgEishus

fidavshus

,s;shus’

iafg%dkapshus

usksia weig y|qkd.; yels j¾K fudkjd  o@

ous   bkavsf.da  ks,a   fld<   ly      ;eUs,s    r;=

iqoq wdf,dalfha  mj;sk fuu j¾K fjkalr yels wjia:d i\yka lrkak

ms%iauhla u.ska isoq lrk wmlsrKh

j¾Kdj,SlaIh

c, nsxoqjla  u.ska (foaoqkakla we;s lsrSfus oS

  Osjks ;rx.hl ixLHd;h hkq l=ula o@

  Osjks ;rx.hl ;rx. wdhduh  hkq l=ula o@

jevs Yla;shla ksoyia jSfusoS ;rx.hl fuu ,laIK flfia fjkia fjhs   o@

ixLHd;h jevs jSu

;rx. wdhduh   wvq jsu

iQ¾hdf,dalh we;s jkafka l=uk Yla;shla ksid o@

ysre ;=, isoqjk kHIagsl m%;sls%hdjloS ksoyia jk Yla;sh ksid

jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK 

Hγ --- miajk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

Hδ -- ihjk   Yla;s ugsgfus isg fojk Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS

26 fojk Yla;s ugsgfus isg m<uq  Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS ljr mrdifha ;rx. ,efnhs o@

mdrcdusnQ, mrdifha f¾Ld ,ensu

tu f¾Ld fidhd .;af;a ljqreka o2

,hsuka jsiska

27 by< Yla;s ugsgfus isg f;jk Yla;s m<uq  Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS ljr mrdifha ;rx. ,efnhs o@

wfOdarla; mrdih

28 tu fY%aKsh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

mdIka fY%aKsh

29 f¾Ld w;r mr;rh l%ufhka wvqjkafka ljr osYdjg o@

ixLHd;h jevsjk osYdjg

30 tysos f¾Ld fjkqjg m<,a ;Sre olakg ,enqfka wehs@

f¾Ld tl u; tl w;smsys; jSu ksid$ f¾Ld w;r mr;rh wvq jSu

31 tu ksrslaIKh u.ska .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@

kHIagsfhka wE;g hkjsg  m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus w;r mr;rh wvqjk nj

32 iqlaIu l%u u.ska fuu f¾Ldjla mrslaId l< jsg ishqus f¾Ld fY%aKshlska iEoS we;s nj fmfkhs thska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@

m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus ;joqrg;a Wmugsgus j,g fnoS we;s ng

jsfudapk jraKdj,sh