Gas Law ans -1

jdhq j, yeisrsus

1 iq<x msrjQ ne,qhl WIaK;ajh  wkqj fjkia jkafka  ljr .=Kdx.h o@

ialkaOh

mrsudj

msvkh

>k;ajh

mrsudj  msvkh  >k;ajh

2  msiagkhla iys; isrskachl mqrjd we;s jdhqjl WIaK;ajh  wkqj fjkia jkafka  ljr .=Kdx.h o@

msvkh

>k;ajh

 3 isriaj msiagkh my<g fhduq jQ jdhqjla iys; isrskachl mrsudj fjkia lsrsug l=ula l< hq;= o@

mrsudj wvq lsrsug msiagkhla  by<g ;,a,q lsr’u

mrsudj jevs lsrsug msiagkhla  my<g weoSu

4 mrsudj jevs lsrsug msiagkhla  my<g weoSfus oS  jdhq wxY= w;r oqrg l=u;a isoqfjs o@

jdhq wxY= w;r oqrg wvq fjhs’

5 tu .=Kh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

iusmSvk yelshdj

6 o%jhlg idfmalaIj jdhqjl iusmSvk yelshdj flfia fjkia fjhs o@

by< w.hla .kshs’

7  iusu; WIaK;ajfha  yd mSvkh f,i i,lkafka  ljr ;;ajhka o@

fi'0 iy msvkh riosh fikags uSg¾ 76 $ jdhq f.da, 1$1·10 ⁵ Pa

 8 jdhq fu!,hla wvx.= jkafka ljr mrsudjla ;=, o@ tys mj;sk wKq .Kk lSh o@

22400ml

9 ta i|yd Ndjs; lrk kshuh ,shkak

wej.vsfrda kshuh

10 fndhs,a kshuh f.dv ke.Sug  ljr ;;aj wjYH fjhs o@

ia:sr jdhq ialkaOhla

ksh; WIaK;ajhla

11 l=uk w.hhka fjkia l< hqq;= o@ ljr uskqus ,nd.; hq;= fjhs o@

msvkh

mrsudj

12 msvkh yd mrsudfjs .=Ks;h ms<sn| ljr wkdjels mejish yels o@

ksh;hla fjs’

13 tu jdhq ialkaOh fhdod .ksuska pd,aia kshuh  mrSlaId lsrSug l=uk w.hhka fjkia l< hqq;= o@

WIaK;ajh

14 ksh;j mj;ajd .; hq;= w.h ,shkak

msvkh

15 fuu kshu fol  tkus fndhs,a kshuh yd pd,aia kshu Ndjs; lr ,nd .kakd kshuh ,shkak tu kshuh imqrd,k iuSlrKh ,shkak

PV  ∞ T

ixhqla; jdhq kshuh

16 fndhs,a kshuh yd pd,aia kshu  yd wej.vsfrda kshuh Ndjs; lr ,nd .kakd kshuh ,shkak tu kshuh imqrd,k iuSlrKh ,shkak

PV  =nRT

mrsmQ¾K jdhq kshuh

17 fuys R f,i y|qkajkafka ljrla o@ th y|qkajk ku ,shkak

jdhq fu!,hlg wod, ksh;h

id¾j;% jdhq ksh;h

18 ljr ;;aj hgf;a ;d;ajsl jdhq fuu kshuh ms<smoshs o@ ta ljr ;;aj hgf;a o@

wvq wka;¾ wKql n, iys; jdhq  jsu

wvq msvkh iys; ;;aj we;sjsg

jdhqfjs ;dmdxlhg idfmalaIj b;d by< WIaK;aj we;sjsg

19 tjeks wm.ukhkag fya;= jQ lreKq ,shkak

jdhq wKqj, mrsudj fkdi,ld yersu ksid

wka;¾ wKql wdl¾IK n,  fkdi,ld  ksid

20 l=uk w.hhkaf.a fodaI we;s lsrSug th iu;a fjhs o@

jdhq wKqj, mrsudj fkdi,ld yersu ksid mrsudfjs fodaI we;sjSu

wka;¾ wKql wdl¾IK n,  fkdi,ld  ksid mSvkfha fodaI we;sjSu

21 ;d;ajsl jdhq  j,g .e,fmk f,i fuu kshuh bosrsm;a lf<a  ljqo@

jekavjd,a jsiska

22 ljr fYdaOkhka ta i|yd bosrsm;a lr ;sfns o@

jdhq wKqj, mrsudj i|yd fYdaOkhla fhosu $ n b w.h wvq lsrSu

23 mSvkh i|yd fYdaOkhla fhoSug isoqjQfha wehs@

jdhq wKq w;r wdl¾IKh ksid mrsmQ¾K jdhqjg  jvd ;d;ajsl jdhq j, mSvkh wvq fjhs’

24 jdhq wKq w;r wdl¾IKh ksid we;sjk n,h tall mrsudjl we;s jdhq wKq .Kkg $ >k;ajhg iudkqmd;sl fjhs tysoS fhdok fYdaOk w.h ,shkak

n² a / V²

25 mSvkh i|yd fYdaOk w.h tl;= l< hq;= o@ wvq l< hq;= o@

fYdaOk w.h tl;= l< hq;= h

Chemistry Kinetics ans -3

pd,l ridhkh 3

1 m%;sls%hl idkao%Kh jevs l< jsg M, ieoSfus fjs.h jevsfjhs’’ thg fya;=j l=ula o@

M, ieoSu i|yd m%;sls%hl wKq fyda whk w;r .egsus we;sjsh hq;=h fuysoS m%;sls%hl wKq w;r .egSus ixLHdj jevs jSu M, iEoSug we;s wjia:dj jevss lrhs

2 .egSu fya;= fldg f.k wKqjl ljr fjkila we;s fjhs o@

tys pd,l Yla;sh fjkia fjhs

3 w|qr we;sjsg  ldur WIaK;ajfha oS yhsv%cka yd laf,darSka w;r m%;sls% hdj isoq fkdfjhs   wKql .egSu wkqj th meyeos,s lrkak

m%;sls%hl wKq w;r .egSus ixLHdj jevs jSfuka muKla fuu M, iEoSu isoqjsh fkdyel

4 r;a l< jsg fuu m%;sls%hdj isoq jkafka wehs

;dm Yla;sh ksid wKq j, pd,l Yla;sh jevsjsu .egSus ixLHdj jevs lsrSug fya;= fjhs

animescience.webatu.com  j, we;s  tka;e,ams jSvsfhdaaaj krUkak

H₂  ,  I₂  nkaOk Yla;s ms<sfj,ska 436 KJ  151 KJ fjs kus

H₂ + I₂ ------ 2HI  m%;sls%hd ;dmh

5    H₂ yd I₂ nkaOk ns|Su i|yd jehjk uq¿ Yla;s m%udKh lSh o@

     587 KJ

6 tfy;a fuu m%;sls%hdj wdrusN lsrSug msg;ska iemhSug wjYH jkafka 165 KJ m%udKhls

   fuu Yla;s m%udKh ljr kulska ye|skafjhs o@ th wjYH jkafka l=ulg o@

       il%shk Yla;sh

7 il%shk Yla;sh w.h fjkia l< yelafla l=ulg o@

      W;afm%arl j,g

     w;rueos ixls¾Kh iEoSugh

8 fjs.fhka isoqjk m%;sls%hdjl il%shk Yla;s w.h l=ula fjs o@

     il%shk Yla;sh wvq fjhs

9 iuyr m%;sls%hd mshjr lsysmhlska isoq fjhs tla tla mshjrl il%shk Yla;s w.h l=ula  fjs o@ tjekakla isoqjk ld,h ;SrKh lrkafka flfia o@

       mshjr wkqj il%shk Yla;s w.h fjkia fjhs il%shk Yla;s w.h jevs kus m%;sls%hd fjs.h wvqfjhs

il%shk Yla;s w.h jevs mshjr u; m%;sls%hdj isoqjk ld,h ;SrKh fjhs

10 m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevs mshjrg hus ix>glhla idkao%Kh n,meus we;s lrhs o@ tys  m%;sls%hd fm< w.h lsho@

ke;

Y+kHhs

11 Yla;sh imhd .kafka wKql ix>gkh u.sk ,nd .; yelsh tu.ska ,efnk Yla;sh m%udKj;a fjhs kus tjeks m%;sls%hdjl iajNdjh ,shkak

th ldur WIaK;ajfha oS isoqfjhs

12 tu.ska ,efnk Yla;sh m%udKj;a fkdfjhs kus tjeks m%;sls%hdjl iajNdjh ,shkak

m%;sls%hdjl ;dm wjfYdaIl fjhs

th ldur WIaK;ajfha oS isoq fkdfjhs

13 iuyr m%;sls%hd ;dm odhl jkafka wehs@

nkaOk iEoSfusoS msgjk Yla;sh  nkaOk nsoSfusoS wjfYdaIkh lrk Yla;shg jvd jevsjk jsg

14 mshjr lsysmhlska isoqjk jsoHd.drh ;=, ksrSlaIKh l< yels m%;sls%hd i|yd WodyrK fokak

15 m%;sls%hl idkao%Kh jevssl, jsg m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevs jkafka wehs@

.egqus ixLHdj jevsjk ksid h

16  m%;sls%hl idkao%Kh jevssl, jsg m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevs jSu iEu jsgu isoq= fjhs o@ ta i|yd iusmQ¾K jsh hq;= ;j;a wjYH;djla  ,shkak

kshus; osYdk;shla wkqj .egqus we;sjSu

ils%hk Yla;s lvbu blaujd  .sh wKq w;r  .egSus we;sjsuhq;=h

17 iM, ix>gkhla hkq l=ula o@

ils%hk Yla;s lvbu blaujd  .sh wKq w;r  kshus; isYdk;shla wkqj .egSus we;sjsu

18 WIaK;ajh jevs l< jsg m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevsjkafka wehs@

ils%hk Yla;s lvbu blaujd  .sh wKq w;r .egSus jevsjSu ksid

19 leg jYfhka .ekSug jvd l=vq jYfhka .ekSfusoS m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevsjkafka wehs@

l=vq jYfhka .ekSfusoS ld, tallhloS isoqjk .egqus ixLHdj jevsfjhs

my; oelafjk m%;sls%hd i|yd wjYH jk W;afm%arl fudkjdo@

20 wod, W;afm%al f;darkak

MnO₂ /CuSO₄ /NO/H₂O  /Fe / Ni /V₂O₅

is.rgs w¿ $

m%;sls%hl                          M,

2SO₂ (g ) + O₂  ………….      2SO₃  

H₂  +  Cl₂          ………..     2HCl

N₂ + 3H₂          ………..     2NH₃

C₂H₄ +H₂     ………       C₂H₆

H₂O₂   …….H₂O + O₂

KClO₃ ……. KCl + O₂

Zn +HCl …… Zn Cl₂ +H₂

21 iucd;Sh W;afm%arl hkq fudkjd o@ iucd;Sh W;afm%arl f;darkak

W;afm%arl yd m%;sls%hl tlu l,dmfha msysgk jsg

NO/H₂O 

22 jsIucd;Sh W;afm%arl hkq fudkjd o@ iucd;Sh W;afm%arl f;darkak

W;afm%arl yd m%;sls%hl fjkia l,dmfha msysgk jsg

23 wOsfYdaIK ls%hdj,sh jeo.;a jkafka l=uk W;afm%arl i|yd o@

jsIucd;Sh W;afm%arl

24 wOsfYdaIK ls%hdj,sh ;=, isoq jkafka l=ula o@

W;afm%arl mDIaGh iu. m%;sls%hl wKq nkaOk iEoSu

25 tys m%;sM,h jkafka l=ula i@

m%;sls%hl wKq w;r nkaOk oqn, jSu

m%;sls%hl wKq kshus; osYdk;shlg wkqj fhduq lsrSu

26 W;afma%rlhlg  isoql< yels ld¾hh$ ld¾hhka f;darkak

m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj  wvqfjs jevsfjs fjkiafjs

m%;sls%hdjla wjidkfha W;afma%rlhl  m%udKh   fjkiafjs   fjkiafkdfjs

W;afma%rlhla  m%;sls%hdjlg iyNd.sfjs $ iyNd.s fkdfjs

W;afma%rlhla  u.ska m%;sls%hdj iu;=,s;;d ,laIh fjkia lrhs $ fjkia fkdlrhs

bosrs yd miq m%;sls%hd foflysu iS>%;dj  wvqlrhs$ jevslrhs

W;afma%rlhla  m%;sls%hdjl tka;e,amsa w.h fjkia lrhs $ fjkia fkdlrhs

W;afma%rlhl ls%hdj fjk;a o%jH u.ska j¾Okh fjs $ j¾Okh fkdfjs

Chemistry Kinetics ans -2

pd,l ridhkh -2

Na₂S₂O₃ + HCl ------NaCl +SO₂ +S +H₂O

fuu m%;sls%hdfjs fm< fijSug wjYHj we;ehs is;kak

R ۓ [S₂O₃^--]^m

1 1 m w.h fijSug mrslaIK ie,iqus lrk wjYH o%jH fudkjdo@

3M HCl yd 0'1M Na₂S₂O₃ - nslrh jsrdu >gSldj- l;srh w\sk ,o lvodish

2   2 m w.h fijSug mrslaIK ie,iqus lrk jsg l=ul idkao%Kh fjkia l< hq;= o@

0'1M Na₂S₂O₃ o%djKh

3 fuu mrSlaIKfhaoS ksh;j mj;ajd .; hq;= wfk;=;a idOl ,shkak

ksh; M, m%udKhla iEoSug .;jk ld,h ueksu fuysoS isoq lrhs ljr M,hla fuysos ukskq ,nhs o@

ksh; S m%udKhla iEoSug .;jk ld,h ueksu

4 ksh; S m%udKhla iEoSu y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

l;srh fkdfmkS hdug ieosug wjYH S m%udKh iEu jsgu ksh; f,i ie,lhs

k, wxlh 1 2 3 4 5

HCl wus,fha mrsudj 5 ml 5 ml 5ml 5 ml 5 ml

tl;= l< 0'1M Na₂S₂O₃ mrsudj 25 ml 20 ml 15ml 10ml 5ml

5 msgjk H₂ mrsudj tl;= wruqK l=ula o@ tf,i ueksug wjYH fjk;a idOlhla ,shkak

ksh; M, m%udKhla ,nd .ekSu $ ksmojSu

ld,h

6 m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj fidhkafka flfia o@

m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj iEoqKq S m%udKh$ ld,h

7 Na₂S₂O₃ idkao%Kh fjkia lrkafka flfiao

kshus; Na₂S₂O₃ mrsudj fhdod mrSlaIK k,h msfrk ;=re c,h fhoSu

8 k, wxl 5 idfmalaIj k, wxl 4 idkao%Kh lS .=Khla fjhs o@

fo.=khla

9 k, wxl 5 idfmalaIj k, wxl 3 idkao%Kh lS .=Khla fjhs o@

;=ka .=khla

k, wxlh                       1    2    3    4     5

HCl wus,fha mrsudj           5 ml 5 ml 5ml 5 ml 5 ml

tl;= 0'1M Na₂S₂O₃ mrsudj  25 ml 20 ml 15ml 10ml 5ml

l;srh fkdfmks hdug 18 20 24 38 80

.;jk ld,h ;;a'

10 m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj yd S m%udKh tl;=jsu i|yd .;jQ ld,h w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

R 1/t

m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj ^R )S m%udKh tl;=jsu i|yd .;jQ ld,hg ^t& m%;sf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fjhs

11 wus, idkao%Kh;a wus, mrsudj;a w;r iusnkaO;djh l=ula o@

wus, idkao%Kh;a wus, mrsudj g ^V& wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fjhs

12 ta wkqj fuu iuslrKh ilikak

R ۓ [S₂O₃^--]^m

1/t ۓ [V]^m

13 m=1 fjhs o hkak y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

1/t yd V w;r m%ia;drhla we\Sfuka uQ, ,laIh yryd hk ir, f¾Ldjla ,efns o hkak ne,sfuka

14 m=2 fjhs o hkak y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

1/t yd V ² w;r m%ia;drhla we\Sfuka uQ, ,laIh yryd hk ir, f¾Ldjla ,efns o hkak ne,sfuka

15 m=3 fjhs o hkak y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

1/t yd V³ w;r m%ia;drhla we\Sfuka uQ, ,laIh yryd hk ir, f¾Ldjla ,efns o hkak ne,sfuka

16 fus m w.h fidhd .eksug ,>q w.h Ndjs; l< yelafla flfia o@

,>q t yd ,>q V w;r m%ia;drhla we|Su yd wkql%ukh fijsu wkql%ukh = m w.h

17 j.+fjs i|yka ld,h wkqj fm< .Kkh lrkak

Chemistry Kinetics ans -1

1 BaCl₂ o%djKhlg i,afmag nsxoq lsysmhla

tl;= l< jsg laIkslj fjkiajSula we;s fjhs tu fjki l=ula o@

iqoq wjlafIamhlaa ,ensu

2 C₂O₄ ^– o%djKhlg ;kql H₂SO₄ j,ska wdus,sl fldg KMnO₄ fhoQ jsg fjkia jSula we;sjsug .;jk ld,h jevs fjhs we;s jk tu fjki l=ula o@

දමි meyeh wj¾K jSu

3 tjeks ld, fjkiajSula i|yd fya;= ,shkak

fojk m%;sls%hdfjs fjs.h wvqjSu

4 .%Eus 5 l hlv weKhlg jvd fjs.fhka hlv l=vq .%Eus 5 la iu. ;kql 0'2 M H₂SO₄ wus,h

5 ml iu. nqnq,q we;s lrhs

5 m%;sls%hdfjs fjs.h fjkiajSu flfrys we;s jQ n,mEu l=ula o@ thg fya;= ,shkak'

fN!;sl ;;ajh

>k ;;ajhloSg jvd l=vq f,i mej;sfus oS wus, iu. .efgk m!IaGh jevs jSu

6 KMnO₄ 5 ml ^;kql H₂SO₄ j,ska wdus,sl l<& wvx.= k, follg fjk fjku f.k thg hlv l=vq .%Eus 2 la fjk fjku tl;= lsrSu tla k,hla r;a lr wfkla k,h ldur WIaK;ajfha ;enSu

7 ljr jsm¾hdihla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka o@ thg fya;= ,shkak'

r;a l< k,fha ous meyeh blaukska oqUqre meyeh we;sfjhs

oqUqre meyeh we;s jQfha wehs @

Fe⁺⁺⁺ we;s jSu

8 m%;sls%hdfjs fjs.h fjkiajSu flfrys we;s jQ n,mEu l=ula o@

WIaK;ajh

9 0'002 M Na₂S₂O₃ o%djKhl 5 ml lg 0'2 M ;kql wus,h 2 ml fhoQ jsg we;sjk ksrSlaIK ,shkak

bka miq 0'001 M Na₂S₂O₃ o%djKhl 5 ml lg 0'2 M ;kql wus,h 2 ml fhoQ jsg we;sjk ksrSlaIK ,shkak

o%djKfha wmeyeos,s njla we;sjSu'

fojk wjia:dfjs oS ta i|yd .;jk ld,h jevsh'

10 m%;sls%hdfjs fjs.h fjkiajSu flfrys we;s jQ n,mEu l=ula o@

Na₂S₂O₃ o%djKhl idkao%Kh fjkia jSu

11 iskala f,dayh .%Eus 5 la iu. ;kql 0'2 M HCl wus,h 5 ml lg ^CusO4 nsxoq lsysmhla fhoQ &iu.o iskala f,dayh .%Eus 5 la iu. ;kql 0'2 M HCl wus,h 5 ml iu. o tl jsg m%;sls%hd lrjQ jsg jvd;a blaukska f,dayh oshjkafka m<uq k,fhah' thg fya;=j l=ula o@

fldm¾ whk W;afm%arl f,i ls%hd lsrSu ksid

12 H ₂ yd Cl₂ w;r m%;sl%shdj ldur WIaK;ajfhaoSg jvd fjs.fhka wdf,dalfhaoS m%;sls%hd fjhs

iEfok M,h l=ula o@

13 ta i|yd mrslaIK ie,iqus lsrsfusoS wjYH ridhksl o%jH ,shkak

HCl $>k KMnO₄ $ Zn

14 jdhq tla reia lrkafka ljr l%uhg o@

c,h hgsl=re jsia:dmk l%ufhka

15 c,h ;=,oS jdhq usY% l< miq M,h iEfok nj Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

c, ugsgu by< ke.Su u.ska

s

16 m%;sls%hdj jevs fjs.hlska isoqjk nj fidhd .kafka flfia o@

wvq ld,hla ;=, c, ugsgu by< k.shs

17 ridhksl m%;sls%hdjl iS>%;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl fudkjd o@

fN!;sl ;;ajh $ W;afm%arl $m%;sls%hl idkao%Kh$wdf,dalh$WIaK;ajh

18 >k le,aishus ldnfkags .Eus 10 la iu. 2 M HCl 50 ml tl;= lf<a hehs is;kak msgjk jdhqj nshqfrgsgqjlg tl;= lf<a hehs is;kak';;amr 30 lg jrla tl;=jQ jdhq mrsudj uek .;af;a kus ljr wdldrfha m%ia;drhla ,efnkq we;a o@

19 isoqjk m%;sls%hdj i|yd iuslrKhla ,shkak

20 m%;sls%hdfjs iS>%;dj fidhkafka flfia o@

m%;sls%hdfjs iS>%;dj tl;= jQ jdhq mrsudj $ld,h

21 m%;sls%hdfjs iS>%;djh flfia fjkiafjs hehs Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka o@

tu w.h l%ufhka wvq jSu

22 ta i|yd fya;= bosrsm;a lrkak

wus,h jehjSu ksid tys idkao%Kh l%ufhka wvq jk ksid m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj o l%ufhka wvqfjhs

23 m%;sls%hdfjs iS>%;djh fijsug tu moaO;sh fhdod .kafka kus jvd;a iqoqiq jkafka ljr wjia:djo@

wdrusNl wjia:dfjsosh

24 m%;sls%hdfjs iS>%;djh fijsug jvd;a iqoqiq moaO;shla ilia lsrsfus oS by; fodaIh u. yrjd .; yels fjk;a l%uhla ,shkak

wdrusNl idkao%Kh by< w.hl mj;ajd .eksu

25 m%;sls%hdfjs iS>%;djh iEujsgu idkao%Khg wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fjs fuu m%ldYh ksjeros lrkak

m%;sls%hdfjs iS>%;djh iEujsgu idkao%Kfha lsishus n,hlg wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fjs

aA + bB ------ cC + dD

26 tu m%ldYh iuSlrKhlska fokak ^ oS we;s iuSlrKh i|yd &

1 R ۓ [A ^m] ۓ = iudkqmd;sl nj

11 R ۓ [A ^m] [B ⁿ]

27 m%;sls%hd fm< f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

1 m

Mg + HCl ------MgCl₂ +H₂

28 fuu m%;sls%hdfjs fm< fijSug wjYHj we;ehs is;kak

R ۓ [HCl]^m

29 m w.h fijSug mrslaIK ie,iqus lrk wjYH o%jH fudkjdo@

4cm ue.akSishus mgs- 1M HCl - rn¾ wen - jSoqre ng - jsrdu >gSldj- kQ,a lene,a,

30 m w.h fijSug mrslaIK ie,iqus lrk jsg l=ul idkao%Kh fjkia l< hq;= o@

HCl wus,fha

31 fuu mrSlaIKfhaoS ksh;j mj;ajd .; hq;= wfk;=;a idOl ,shkak

tl;= jk jdhq mrsudj

wus,h iu. .efgk Mg m%udKh

k, wxlh 1 2 3 4 5

HCl wus,fha mrsudj 10 ml 8 ml 6ml 4 ml 2 ml

tl;= jk jdhq mrsudj

32 msgjk H₂ mrsudj tl;= wruqK l=ula o@ tf,i ueksug wjYH fjk;a idOlhla ,shkak

ksh; M, m%udKhla ,nd .ekSu $ ksmojSu

ld,h

33 m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj fidhlafka flfia o@

m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj iEoqKq jdhqfjs mrsudj$ ld,h

34 wus, idkao%Kh fjkia lrkafka flfiao

kshus; wus, mrsudj fhdod mrSlaIK k,h msfrk ;=re c,h fhoSu

35 k, wxl 5 idfmalaIj k, wxl 4 idkao%Kh lS .=Khla fjhs o@

fo.=khla

36 k, wxl 5 idfmalaIj k, wxl 3 idkao%Kh lS .=Khla fjhs o@

;=ka .=khla

k, wxlh             1      2     3    4     5

HCl wus,fha mrsudj 10 ml 8 ml 6ml 4 ml 2 ml

H₂ mrsudj 10 ml tl;=jsu

i|yd .;jQ ld,h

37 m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj yd H₂ mrsudj 10 ml tl;=jsu i|yd .;jQ ld,h w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

m%;sls%hd iS>%;dj ^R ) H₂ mrsudj 10 ml tl;=jsu i|yd .;jQ ld,h g^t& m%;sf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fjhs R 1/t

38 wus, idkao%Kh;a wus, mrsudj;a w;r iusnkaO;djh l=ula o@

wus, idkao%Kh;a wus, mrsudj g ^V& wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fjhs

39 ta wkqj fuu iuslrKh ilikak

R ۓ [HCl]^m

1/t ۓ [V]^m

40 m=1 fjhs o hkak y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

1/t yd V w;r m%ia;drhla we\Sfuka uQ, ,laIh yryd hk ir, f¾Ldjla ,efns o hkak ne,sfuka

41  m=2 fjhs o hkak y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

1/t yd V ² w;r m%ia;drhla we\Sfuka uQ, ,laIh yryd hk ir, f¾Ldjla ,efns o hkak ne,sfuka

42  m=3 fjhs o hkak y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

1/t yd V³ w;r m%ia;drhla we\Sfuka uQ, ,laIh yryd hk ir, f¾Ldjla ,efns o hkak ne,sfuka

43 fus m w.h fidhd .eksug ,>q w.h Ndjs; l< yelafla flfia o@

,>q t yd ,>q V w;r m%ia;drhla we|Su yd wkql%ukh fijsu wkql%ukh = m w.h

Solubility Product -1

whksl iu;+,s;;dj

1 o%djKhla idod.kafka flfia o@

odjHhla  o%djlhla ;+, osh lsrSu u.ska

2 os.ska os.gu ksYaps; mrsudjla ;+,  osh lsrSug fhdok odjH m%udKh jevs lrf.k hdfusoS l+ula isoqfjhso@

;joqrg;a tl;+ lrk o%jHh >khla f,i b;srsfjhs'

3 ;joqrg;a tl;+ lrk o%jHh oshlsrSug l+ula l< hq;+ o@

o%djlh tl;+ lsrsu

o%djKh r;a lsrSu'

4 tjeks o%djKhla  y|qkajkafka flfia o@

ika;Dma; o%djKhla f,i 

5 ika;Dma; o%djKhla Tn y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

o%djKhla ;=, >khla f,i o%djHh mej;Su

6 iajdNdjsl f,i yuqjk tjeks ix;Dma; o%djK 2la i|yka lrkak'

,qqKq f,ajdhl ,qKq legs.efik wjia:dj

7 yqKq oshr ;+,g ldnkavfhdlaihsvs hejSfus oS iqoq wjlafIamh f,i ,efnkafka ljrlao@

CaCO₃

8 yqKq oshr ;+, le,aishus whk mj;skafka ljr wdldrfhkao@

Ca ⁺⁺_(aq)

9 CaCO_{3  (s)} iEoSfus whksl iuSlrKh ,shkak'

Ca ⁺⁺_(aq)   +  CO₃ ^--_(aq)                                                        Ca CO_{3 (s)}  

10 Ca ⁺⁺_(aq)  whk wvx.+ 1 M o%djKhl 10 ml g  wefudakshus ldnfkags  0'1M o%djKh nsxoqj ne.ska tl;+ lrk jsg Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;+ jk ksrslaIKh ,shkak'

11 m<uq nsxoqj fhoSfus oS ksrslaIKh ,shkak'

j¾K fjkila we;s fkdfjhs'

12 iEfok M,h ,shkak'

Ca CO_{3 (aq)} 

 13 th iuSlrKhla u.ska olajkak'

Ca ⁺⁺_(aq)   +  CO₃ ^--_(aq)                                                        Ca CO_{3 (aq)}  

 14 wefudakshus ldnfkags  0'1M o%djKh nsxoqj ne.ska os.ska os.gu tl;+ lrk jsg  l+ula ksrslaIKh l, yels o@

iqoq wjlafIamh  ,enSu yd  wjlafIamfha m%udKh l%ufhka jevsjS ksh; jSu'

15 wjlafIamh fmrd bj;a lr ,efnk o%djKh g wefudakshus Tlaif,ag tl;+ l< jsg ,efnk ksrslaIKh l+ula jkafka o@ fya;+j ,shkak'

  iqoq wjlafIamhla ,enSu' o%djKfha le,aishus whk mej;Su'

16 wefudakshus ldnfkags  0'1M o%djKh nsxoqj ne.ska os.ska os.gu tl;+ lrk jsg  ,efnk M,h >kh iu. iu;+,s;;djfha mj;sS kus Tn wjlafIamfha m%udKh l%ufhka jevsjS ksh; jSu g fya;+j ,shkak'

17 CaCO_{3  (s)} iEoSfus m%udKh fkdfjkiaj mej;Su jSu  yd CaCO_{3  (s)} oshjSfus m%udKh fkdfjkiaj mej;Su jSu

                                                 

Solubility Product -2

whksl iu;=,s;;djh 2

1 hus ,jKhla c,fha o%djH jSu isoqjkafka wehs@

c,Sh whk iEoSu ksid

2 NaCl fhdod .ksuska th iuSlrKhla u.ska fmkajd fokak

NaCl (s) Na ⁺(aq) + Cl^- (aq)

3 iq¿ jYfhka c,fha o%djH jk ,jK f;darkak

CaCO₃ $Ag₂CrO₄ / CaC₂O₄ / CaCl₂ / MgCl₂ /Mg(OH)₂ / Ca(OH)₂

4 iq¿ jYfhka c,fha o%djH jSug fya;=j ,shkak

c,Sh whk iEoSfus yelshdj wvqjSu ksid

5 o%djH;dj jevslsrsug fhdod .; yels Wml%u ,shkak

wus, fhoSu $ WIaK;ajh jevslsrSu

6 ika;Dma; o%djKhl ,laIK i|yka lrkaak

;joqrg;a o%djHh osh fkdjSu $>khla iu. o%djKh iu;=,s;;djfha mej;su

7 ,jKh ie,ls,a,g .ksuska >khla iu. whk mj;ajk iu;+,s;;dj ksrEmkh lsrSug iuSlrKhla ,shkak

CaC₂O₄ (s) Ca ⁺²(aq) + C₂O₄^{- 2}(aq)

8 fus i|yd iu;=,s;;d ksh; m%ldYkh ,shkak

K_sp = [Ca ⁺²_(aq) ] [ C₂O₄^- _(aq)]

9 tu w.h .Kkh lsrSug wjYH ls%hd ud¾.h ,shkak

wkqudmkhla u.ska le,aishus wh k idkao%Kh yd Tlaif,ags wh k idkao%Kh

fijSu

10 fuu iu;=,s;;dj fjkia l< yelafla flfia o@

M, idkao%Kh fjkia lsrSfuka $WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSfuka

11 my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:d fjs oS by; moaO;sfha ljr ixrplhl idkao%Kh

fjkia fjhs o@

CaC₂O₄ (s) 5g la tl;= lsrsu ------ ljr ixrplhl fyda idkao%Kh fjkia fkdfjhs

C₂O₄^-- _(aq) 0.1M 5ml la tl;= lsrsu ------ Ca⁺² ixrplhl idkao%Kh wvqfjhs

Ca⁺⁺_(aq) 0.1M 5ml la tl;= lsrsu ------ C₂O₄^-- idkao%Kh wvqfjhs

12 tjekakla isoq jsu iu;=,s;;d ksh;hg flfia n,mdhs o@

K_sp fkdfjkiaj ;nd .kS

13 jslsrKYS,S le,aishus wvx.= Ca*C₂O₄ (s) 5g la tl;= lsrsfu ka miq fmfrkfha jslsrKYS,;dj mj;skq we;ao@ thg fya;= fokak

Tjs

14 fuu m%;sls%hdj m%;sj¾;h nejska ehk o%djK .; jSu;a o%djK .; whk tlajS >kh iEoSu;a bosrs w;g fukau miq w;g o th ksrka;rfhka fkdkej;S isoqfjhs

wmg wjYH mrsos Ca⁺⁺_(aq) whk idkao%Kh wvq lsrSug l=ula l< hq;= o@

C₂O₄^-- _(aq) tl;= lsrsu

15 wmg wjYH mrsos C₂O₄^-- _(aq) whk idkao%Kh wvq lsrSug l=ula l< hq;= o@

Ca⁺⁺_(aq) tl;= lsrsu

16 whk idkao%Kh wvq jkafka l=ula iEoSu ksid o@ ta nj fidhd .; yelafla flfia o@

1 CaC₂O₄ (s) iEoSu ksidh 11 wjlafIamfha Wi $ ialkaOh jevsjSu u.ska

17 legdhk usY%Khlska wjYH whkh wjlafIamhla f,i fjkalr .ekSug fhdod .kakd l%uh l=ula o@ ldKav jsYaf,aIkh $ldKav fjkalsrSu$ .=Kd;aul jsYaf,aIkh

18 fuysoS fjka lr .kakd legdhkh i;=j mej;sh hq;= ,laIKh ,shkak

wvq o%djH;djla we;s ixfhda. iEoSfus yelshdj$ o%djH;d .=Ks;h wvq w.hl mej;su

19 jdIamSlrKh jevsjk jsg ,qKq f,ajdhl ,qKq legs .efikafka wehs@

Na⁺ yd Cl^- hk whk idkao%K j, .=Ks;fha w.h NaCl o%djH;d .=Ks; w.h blaujd hdu ksid

20 ldKav fjkalsrSfus oS Ndjs;d jk wvq o%djH;djla we;s laf,darhsv lsysmhla y|qkajkak

AgCl / Hg₂Cl₂ / PbCl₂

21 usY%Khla ;=, by; i|yka legdhk wvx.= fjhs kus th wjlafIam lsrSug l=uk whkhla tl;= l< hq;= o@

Cl^- whk

22 wdrusNl Cl^- whk ^;kql whk o%djKhlska& nsxoqj tl;= l< jsg isoqjkafka l=ula o@

AgCl / Hg₂Cl₂ / PbCl₂ jeks wKq iEoSu yd th osh jSu

23 Cl^- whk ^;kql whk o%djKhlska& nsxoqj ne.ska os.ska os.gu tl;= lrk jsg isoqjkafka l=ula o@

hus wjia:djloS iqoq wjlafIamhla ,efnhs

24 fuu wjia:dfjs oS th ika;Dma; o%djKhla f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

Wmrsu ,jK m%udKh o%djH jS we;s ksid

25 tu wjia:djg t,USu iu. o%djKfha legdhk idkao%Kh fijsug Tng ljr o;a;hla wjYH o@

o%djH;d .=Ks; w.h

oS we;s w.hhka Ndjs; lruska tla tla ika;Dma; o%djK j, legdhk idkao%kh .Kkh lrkak