mrudKqjl iajNdjh
1 mrudKqjl wrfha jsYd,;aj .Kh lsh o@
10-8cm
2 kHIagshl wrfha jsYd,;aj .Kh lsh o@
10-12cm -10-13cm
3 mrudKqjl mj;sk bf,lafg%dak m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus lShl mej;sh yels o@ tajd fudkjd o@
K, L, M , N ,O , P , Q
7
4 mrudKqjl mj;sk bf,lafg%dak m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus mj;sk Wm ugsgus fudkjd o@
s ,p, d,f
5 tla tka m%Odk ugsgfus Wm ugsgus lShla mj;S o@
K --- 1 s
L ---- 2s 2p
M ---- 3s 3p 3d
N ---- 4s 4p 4d 4d
O ---- 5s 5p 5d 5d
P --- 6s 6p 6d 6d
,Q--- 7s 7p
6 tla tla Wm ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak lShla mj;shs o@
s --- 2
p --- 6
d --- 10
f --- 14
7 ldlaIslhl mej;sh yels bf,lafgd%ak .Kk lSh o@ ljr kshufhka th m%ldY fjhs o@
2
mjq,S nysIaldr kshuh
8 Wm ugsgul ldlaIsl lShla mj;So@
s ----- 1
p ----- 3
d ----- 5
f ----- 7
9 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgul mj;sk bf,lafgd%ak .Kk;a mrudKqfjs ia:dhs ;dj;a w;r mj;sk iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@
m%Odk Yla;s ugsgula iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu ksid mrudKqjla ia:dhs fjhs
10 ta yer ia:dhS jsh yels fjk;a wjia:djla ,shkak
ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrSu fyda iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu mrudKqjl ia:dhs njg fya;= fjhs
11 ldlaIsl j, g bf,lafg%dak msrsfus os oel .; yels rgdj l=ula o@
ldlaIsl j, g bf,lafg%dak msrsfus os bf,lafg%dak w;r we;s wfkdkH jslδIKh ksid m<uqj ldlaIsl ish,a, ;ks ;ksj msfrhs’
fojkqj bf,lafg%dak hq.au jYfhka msrS hhs’
12 ldlaIsl j, we;s ;ks bf,lafg%dak y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@
jshq.au bf,lafg%dak
ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrSu fyda iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu mrudKqjl ia:dhs njg fya;= fjhs
13 Wmugsgus j, bf,lafg%dak lShla ta i|yd mej;sh hq;= o@
s ---- -2
p -----3 /6
d -----5 /10
f -----7 /14
14 mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak msrSfus oS m<uqj bf,lafg%dak we;=¿jk m%Odk ugsgfus Yla;sh .ek Tng l=ula lsj yels o@
wvqu Yla;s ugsgug
m<uq Yla;s ugsgfus s Wm ugsgfus
15 mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak msrSfus oS wkq.ukh lrk f.dvkexjSfus $ wjqmandjs uQ,Oδuh ,shkak
bf,lafg%dak msrsu isoq jkafka jshq.au bf,lafg%dak .Kl Wmrsu jk f,ig ldlaIsl j, Yla;s wdfrdayKh jk wkqms<sfj,g h
16 oS we;s bf,lafg%dak jskHdihg .e,fmk uQ, o%jHh f;darkak
X ---- 1 s2 , 2s2, 2p3
Y ---- 1 s2 , 2s2, 2p 4
N yd O
17 jvd ia:dhS mrudKqj f,i i,lkafka l=ula o@ thg fya;=j l=ula o@
X j, wjidk p ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrS ;snSu ksid Y j, wjidk p ldlaIslhla ;=, bf,lafg%dak msfruska mj;sk wjia:djg jvd ia:dhS fjhs’
18 jvd ia:dhS mrudKqj f,i i,lkafka l=ula o@ thg fya;=j l=ula o@
P ---- 1 s2 , 2s2,2p1
Q ---- 1 s2 , 2s2
Q j, wjidk s ldlaIslhla iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu ksid ksid wjidk P j, ldlaIslhla ;=, bf,lafg%dak msfruska mj;sk wjia:djg jvd ia:dhS fjhs’
19 wdj¾;s;djla fhdod .ksuska tjeks ia:dhS;djla fmkajk fjk;a mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak
A ---- 1 s2 , 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 , 3p4
B ---- 1 s2 , 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2 , 3p3
S yd P
C ---- 1 s2 , 2s2, 2p6, 3s2
D ---- 1 s2 , 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2 3p1
Mg yd Al
ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrSu fyda iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu mrudKqjl ia:dhs njg fya;= fjhs
fuu fya;=j ksid iuyr uq, o%jH j, bf,lafg%dak jskHdih n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk f.dvkexjSfus $ wjqmandjs uQ,Oδuh jvd fjkia fjhs’ $ wm.ukh fjhs
20 mrudKql l%udxl 30 wvq ljr uq, o%jH wdYs%;j fujekakla y|qkd.; yels o@ tys n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak
tys mj;sk jskHdih l=ula o@
mrudKql l%udxlh 24 yd 29
Cr ---- 1 s2 , 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2 3p6 , 4s2, 3d4,
Cu ---- s2 , 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2 3p6 , 4s2, 3d9
tys mj;sk jskHdih l=ula o@
Cr ---- 1 s2 , 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2 3p6 , 4s1, 3d5,
Cu ---- s2 , 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2 3p6 , 4s1, 3d10