1
ueka.ksia $lafrdaushus $jefkavshus hk fusjdfha NdIausl Ulaihsv
i|yka lrkak
VO
/ V2O3
MnO
Mn2O3
2
wdus,sl Tlaihsv f,i yeisfrkafka ljrlao@
Mn2O7
MnO3
CrO
CrO2
CrO3
V2O5
3
WNh.=ks ixfhda. jkafka ljrla o@
MnO2
VO2
Cr2O3
4
+1 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg
fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@
Sc / Zn
5
+2 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg
fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@
Sc
6
+3 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg
fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@
Zn
7
+4 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg
fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@
Sc / Zn / Cu
8
+5 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg
we;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@
V /
Mn / Cr / Fe / Co
9
+6 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg
fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@
Mn
/ Cr / Fe
10
+7 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg
we;af;a ljr uQ, o%jHhg o@
Mn
Tn
okakd d
f.dkqfjs whk fyda oS we;s ,jK w;rska iudk j¾K iys; ,jK f;darkak
1
[Cu (NH3)4]
+2
2 - [Ni (NH3)
6] +2
3 - Co (NH3)
6] +2
4 - Cr(NH3)
6] +2
10
– CuCl4
11 Cr(H2O)
5Cl 12 - NiCl2
13 Ni (OH) 2
14 – CoCl4
15
V O2+
16 VO22+
7 - V 3+
18 -- V 2+
19
- Mn(H2O)
6] +2
20 - Cr(H2O)
6] +2
21. Cr(H2O)
6] +3
22 Ni(NH3)
6] +3
ks,a
j¾Kh --- 6 $1 $3 $14 $2 $15 $20
fld<
j¾Kh --- 11 $7 $13 $17 $
Fe +2
(aq)
/ Ni +2
(aq)
ly
j¾Kh --- 8 $4 $12 $10 $16 $3
ous
j¾Kh --- 18 $ Cr
+3
(aq)
/ Ti+3
(aq)
/
Mn+3
(aq)/
21
frdai
j¾Kh ---9 $19
oqUqre
-- 22 $
ksrslaIK
j,g .e,fmk ,jKh bosrsm;a lrkak
1
ks,a ous meye;s c,Sh o%djKhla fidavshus yhsfv%dlaihsvs
H2O2
fhoQjsg lymdg o%djKhla ,nd fohs
ks,a ous
meye;s o%djKh Cr
+3
2
laf,darhsvhlg idkao% HCl
fhoQ jsg lymdg o%djKhla ,efnhs ,efnk o%djKh fldm¾
f,dayh
iu. kegjQ jsg wj¾K jQ w;r thg c,h fhosfusoS R
iqoq wjlafIamhla ,enqKs
Cu+2
lymdg
o%djKh CuCl4
-2
wj¾K
jQ o%djKh 2[
CuCl2
]-2
iqoq
wjlafIamhla CuCl
3
R iqoq wjlafIamh wefudakshus
yhsfv%dlaihsvs tl;= l< jsg oshjS idok wj¾K o%djKh
jd;hg
jsjD; l< jsg ;oks,a meyehg yefrhs
wj¾K
o%djKh
[Cu (NH3)2]
+
;oks,a
meyeh
2[Cu (NH3)4]
+2
4
ks,a meye;s c,sh o%djKhlg jevsmqr NaOH
fhoQjsg ,d ks,a meye whlafIamhla
,efnhs th r;a l< jsg l,q wjlafIamhla ,enqKs
ks,a
meye;s c,sh o%djKh --
[Cu (H2O)
6]
+2
l,q
wjlafIamhla
– CuO
5
ks,a meye;s c,sh o%djKhlg wefudakshd tl;=l< jsg ,efnk wjlafIamh
jevsmqr wefudakshd tl; =l< jsg
,efnk ,d ks,a meye wjlafIamhla
oshfjhs
,efnk
o%djKfha meyeh l=ula o@
m%Yshka
ks,a– [Cu(
NH3
)
4(H2O)
4]+2
Cu
(NH3)4]
+2
6
wefudakshus yhsfv%dlaihsvs tl;= l< jsg le; $ls,qgq fld<
meye;s wjlafIamhla ,ensu tu wjlafIamh l=ula o@
fmria yhsfv%dlaihsvs $
Fe (H2O)
6]
+2
7
B kus ,d ly meye;s c,Sh
o%djKhla oqn, f,i NdIausl l< jsg ly oqUqre meyehla we;s jsh
Fe
(H2O)
6]
+3
[Fe
(OH)
3
(H2O)
4]
9
B
kus o%djKh id HCl
u.ska wdus,sl l< jsg ,efnk ly meyeh KCN
iu. oQUqre meye jsh
B
kus ly oQUqre o%djKh fmdgEishus fmrsihkhsvs iu. ks,a j¾Khla fohs
oQUqre
o%djKh meye h - [
Fe(CN)6]
-3
10
tu ly oQUqre o%djKh KSCN /NH4SCN
iu. ljr j¾Khla fohs o@
f,a
r;= j¾Kh
[Fe
(SCN) (H2O)
5
] +2
11
f,dayhla ;kql HCl
u.ska wdus,sl l< jsg ,efnk C
kus o%djKh fld< meyehla ,nd oqks
fld<
meyehla - Fe
(H2O)
6]
+2
12
,d fld, meyeh gsl fjs,djlska ly oqUqre meye jSug fya;= jk ridhksl
ls%hdj,sh iuSSlrKhlska fokak
Fe
(H2O)
6]
+2
+ 4H+
+ O2
= 4[Fe (H2O)
6]
+3
+ 2H2O
13
thg iy ;kql wus,hla yd iskala l=vq oud gsl fjs,djla ;enQ jsg l=ula
isoq fjhs o@
fld<
meyehla ,nd oqks
fld< meyeh - 2 Fe
(H2O)
6]
+2
14
fuhg NaOH
fhoQ jsg we;sjk j¾Kh ,shkak
ls,qgq
fld< meye;s wjlafIamhla
[Fe
(OH)
2
(H2O)
4]
15
KCN iu. fmria whk ,nd fok meyeh
l=ula o@
ly
fld< j¾Kh
[
Fe(CN)6]
-4
16
idkao% HCl
iu. fmria whk ,nd fok meyeh l=ula o@
ly
[
Fe(Cl)4]
-2
17
B
kus ly oQUqre o%djKh fmdgEishus fmrsihkhsvs iu. m%Yshka ks,a
j¾Khla fohs
oQUqre
o%djKh meye h -
Fe+3
18
u ly oQUqre o%djKh KSCN /NH4SCN
iu. ljr j¾Khla fohs o@
f,a
r;= j¾Kh
[Fe
(SCN) (H2O)
5
] +2
19
Q
kus ,d frdai meye;s o%djKhlg ;kql
HNO3
tl;= l< jsg ous meyehla we;s jsh NdIausl l< jsg th fld<
meyehg yereKs
frdai
meye;s o%djKh --
[Mn
(H2O)
6]
+2
ous
meyeh - MnO4-1
fld<
meyehg --
MnO4-2
20
Q kus ,d frdai meye;s o%djKhlg
NdIausl l< jsg ly iqoq wjlafIamhla we;s jsh
th
gsl fjs,djlska H2O2
we;s jsg
oqUqre meyehg yereks
ly
iqoq wjlafIamh Mn(OH)2
(H2O)
4]
+2
oqUqre
meyeh MnO2
21
fld< meye;s c
kus c,Sh o%djKhla oqn, f,i wdus,sl lr gsl fjs,djla ;nd fmrd .;a
jsg fmryka lvodisfha l,q meyehla o fmfrkfha ous meyehla we;s jsh
iuslrKhla u.ska th ksrEmkh lrkak
3MnO4-2
+4
H+
= 2 MnO4-1
+
MnO2
+
2H2O
fld< meyeh ous meyeh -
22
B kus ks,a ous meyehla we;s c,Sh
,jKhla laIdr iu. ,efnk fld< meye wjlafIamh meh lsysmhlg miq
fld, meye o%djKhla ,enqKs
ous
meyeh ---
Cr(H2O)
6]
+3
fld<
meye wjlafIamh-------
Cr(OH) 3
(H2O)3]
ld,
meye o%djKh-----
Cr(OH) 6+3
23
gsl fjs,djla ;enq jsg ous meye jkafka wehs@
idudkH
WIaK;ajfha oS fiuska jsfhdackh jk ksid
24
tu o%djKh mej;s ;;ajhg fk taug l=ula l< hq;= o@
wus,hla
Ndjs; l< hq;=h
25
wefudakshd o%djKh fhoQ jsg ks,a-ous o%djKh ous meyehg yereKs
ous meyehg
----Cr(NH3)
6]
+3
26
ly meye;s o%djKhla wdus,sl l< jsg ;eUs,s meye;s o%djKhla ,enqKs tu
o%djKhg NIauhla tl;= l, jsg isoq jkafka l=ula o@
ly
meye;s o%djKh----
CrO4-2
;eUs,s
meye;s o%djKh ---
Cr2O7-2
ly
meye;s o%djKhla ,enSu
27
f,dayhla iu. ;kql
HCl
u.ska wdus,sl l< jsg ,efnk ks,a meye o%djKh jd;h yuqfjs
ous
meyehg yereKs
ks,a
meye o%djKh ----
Cr(H2O)
6]
+2
ous
meyeh o%djKh ----
Cr(H2O)
6]
+3
28
by; ous meyeh o%djKh kej; ly meye;s iajdNdjhg m;a lsrSug l=ula l<
hq;= o@
laIdr
we;s jsg
H2O2
iu. ls%hdj
Cr+3
whk Cr+2
yrjkafka flfia o@
iskala ixri fhdod .ekSfuka
29
S ,d fld< meye;s o%djKhla
;kql NaOH
tl;= l< jsg ,d fld< meye wjlafIamhla we;s jsh
,d
fld< meye wjlafIamh [Ni(OH)
2
(H2O)
4
,d
fld< meye;s s o%djKh -- [Ni
(H2O)
6]
+2
30
S
fld< meye o%djKhla jevsmqr wefudakshd iu. idok A
,d fld < wj;afIamh oshjS
ks,a ouS meye;s
o%djKhla fohs th kegjQ jsg
,dfld
< wj;afIamh [Ni(OH)
2
(H2O)4]
ks,a
ouS
meye;s
o%djKh
[Ni(NH3)
6]
+2
31
S ,d fld< meye;s o%djKh
t;fkda,a udOHfha oS ks,a meye;s o%djKhla fohs
[Ni Cl
4]
-2
32
ihkhsvs whk we;sjsg ,d fld< wjlafIamhla we;sjS jevsmqr we;s jsg
th oshjS ly meye;s o%djKhla fohs
,d
fld< wjlafIamh -- Ni
(CN)2
ly
meye;s o%djKh -- [Ni
(CN)
4]
-2
33
laIdrSh vhs fu;s,a .a,fhdlaihsus iu. r;= wjlafIamhla fokafka ljrla
o@
Ni+2
34
iqoq meye;s Tlaihsvhla iskala yd wus, udOHhloS ous meye;s o%djKhla
,nd oqks
iqoq
meye;s Tlaihsvh TiO2
ous
meye;s o%djKhla Ti(H2O)
6]
+3
35
iqoq meye;s Tlaihsvhla idkao% HCl
wus, udOHhloS wj¾K o%jKhla we;s lf<ah th r;a l< jsg iqoq
wjfYaIhla b;srs jsh
[TiCl
6]
-2
TiCl2
36
;eUs,s meye Tlaihsvhla iskala yd wus, udOHhloS fld< meye;s jsh
gsl
fjs,djls th ous meye;s jsh
;eUs,s
meye Tlaihsvh V2O5
fld<
meye;s o%djKhla V(H2O)
6]
+3
ous meye;s o%djKhla V(H2O)
6]
+2
37
ous meye;s o%djKhla SO2
iu. ;o ks,a meyehla ,nd oqks th
wus, f,day iu.
ous
meye;s o%djKhla fohs
ks,a
meyehla VO2
ous
meye;s o%djKhla V(H2O)
6]
+2
38
ks,a meye o%djKh laIdrhla iu. l==ula ,nd fohs o@
VO
3
-2
39
P kus ,d frdai meye;s o%djKhlg
;kql NaOH
tl;= l< jsg ks,a meyehla we;s jsh
jevsmqr
NaOH
tl;= l< jsg frdai meye T
wjlafIamhla we;s jsh
P
frdai meye;s o%djKh -- [Co
(H2O)
6]
+2
frdai
meye wjlafIamh -- [Co
(OH)
2
(H2O)
4]
ks,a
meye wjlafIamh -- [Co
(OH)
(H2O)
5]
+
ks,a meye
wjlafIamh
--- [Co (OH)
2
(H2O)
4]
40
T wj;afIamh HCl
j, oshjS ks,a meye;s o%djKhla
fohs
[Co Cl
4]
-2
41
P wefudakshd iu. idok ks,a
wj;afIamh jevsmqr wefudakshd oshjS
A ly oqUqre
meye;s o%djKhla fohs th
kegjQ jsg
ks,a
meye wjlafIamh [Co
(OH)
(H2O)
5]
+
ly
oqUqre
meye;s
o%djKh
[Co (NH3)
6]
+2
l¿
wajlafIamh [Co
(OH)
3
(H2O)
3]
42
A kus o%djKhlg jd;h fyda H2O2
fhoQ jsg ;eUs,s oQUqre o%djKhla
,nd fohs
;eUs,s
oQUqre o%djKh 2 [Co
(NH3)
6]
+3
43
whvhsvs whk njg I2
yrjkafka l=uk fldfnda,ags whkh o@
Co+3
44 wefudakshus
yhsfv%dlaihsvs tl;= l< jsg oqUqre meye;s wjlafIamhla ,ensu tu
wjlafIamh l=ula o@
fmrsla
yhsfv%dlaihsvs
45
fmdgEishus fmfrdaihkhsvs K4Fe
(CN)6
iu. iqoq wjlafIamhla ,enSu
fmriaa
,jK
46
fmdgEishus fmfrdaihkhsvs K4Fe
(CN)6
iu. wjlafIamhla fkd,enSu oqUqre meyehla ,enSu
fmrsla
,jK
FeCl3
+
K4Fe
(CN)6
= KFe [Fe (CN)6]
+3 KCl
47
fmdgEishus fmfrdaihkhsvs K4Fe
(CN)6
iu. oqUqre wjlafIamhla ,enSu
2CuSO4
+
K4Fe
(CN)6
= Cu2Fe
(CN)6]
+ K2SO4
48
fmdgEishus fmrsaihkhsvs K3Fe
(CN)6
iu. ;o ks,amdg m%Yshka ks,amdg wjlafIamhla ,enSu
fmriaa
,jK
FeSO4
+
K3Fe
(CN)6
= KFe [Fe (CN)6]
+ K2SO4
49
fmdgEishus fmrsaihkhsvs K3Fe
(CN)6
iu. wjlafIamhla fkd,enSu oqUqre meyehla ,enSu
fmrsla
,jK
fmdgEishus
m¾ueka.fkags