Electro Chemistry 1

 bf,lafg%dav jsNjh  1

iskala f,dayh  yd fldm¾ f,dayh fjk fjku lkQl wus, o%djKhla ;=, .s,ajd we;ehs is;kak

  

1  tysoS Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkiajSus ,sshkak

iskala f,dayh  f,dayh oshjSfus fjs.h  fldm¾ f,dayhg jvd  jevsfjs $wvqfjs

iskala f,dayh  jdhq nqnq¿ msgjSfus fjs.h fldm¾ f,dayhg jvd  jevsfjs $wvqfjs

2 f,dayh oshjkafka wehs@

iuSlrKhla  u.ska ksrEmkh lrkak tysoS isoqjkafka TlaislrKhla o $ TlaisyrKhla o

3 TlaislrK fjs.h jevsjSu flfia ksrslaIKh l< yels o@

 f,dayh oshjSfus fjs.h jevsjSu u.ska

4 jdhqjla f,i msgjkafka l=ula o@ tysoS isoqjkafka TlaislrKhla o $ TlaisyrKhla o

yhsv%cka

TlaisyrKhla

5 TlaisyrKh i|yd bf,lafg%dak imhd .kafka ljr mDIaGhla u.ska o@

f,day mDIaGh u; bf,lafg%dak ysÕ;djhla we;s jqjfyd;a th flfia ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

yhsv%cka

 jdhqjla f,i msgjsfus fjs.h wvq fjhs

6 jvd;a TlaislrKh jSfus yelshdj we;af;a ljr f,dayhg o@

iskala

nslrhla ;=,g wus,h fhdod iskala f,dayh  yd fldm¾ f,dayh lkQl wus, o%djKhla ;=, .s,ajd we;ehs is;kak

 jdhqjla f,i msgjSfus  yhsv%cka msgjSfus fjs.h  iskala j,g idfmalaIj fldm¾ mDIaGfha wvq njla mej;=ks

f,day mgs tlsfkl iam¾Y l< jsg   fldm¾ mDIaGfhka yhsv%cka msgjSfus

fjs.h  fldm¾ mDIaGfha jevs jsh

7 fldm¾ mDIaGfha isoqjQ fuu fjkig fya;=j ,shkak

tu mDIaGfhka ,nd .; yels bf,lafg%dak m%udKh jevsjSu

bf,lafg%dak tlsfkl w;r jsl¾IK n, we;sfjhs  tfukau jevs bf,lafg%dak mSvkhl isg wvq bf,lafg%dak mSvkhla olajd bf,lafg%dak .uka lrhs

8 jevs jYfhka bf,lafg%dak tla reia jkafka ljr mDIaGfha o@

iskala f,dayh  u;

9 bf,lafg%dak mSvkh y|Qkajkafkaa l=ula f,ig o@

jsNjh

10 bf,lafg%dak .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

iskala f,dayh  issg fldm¾ f,dayh olajd

11 Odrdj  .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

fldm¾ f,dayh  issg iskala f,dayh olajd

iskala f,dayh fjkqjg ue.akSishus Ndjs; l< jsg ljr fjkia lus we;sfjhs o@

12 jevs jYfhka bf,lafg%dak tla reia jkafka ljr mDIaGfha o@

ue.akSishus f,dayh  u;

13 bf,lafg%dak .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

ue.akSishu s f,dayh  issg fldm¾ f,dayh olajd

14 Odrdj  .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

fldm¾ f,dayh  issg ue.akSishus f,dayh olajd

15 bf,lafg%dak mSvk  fjki ljr WmlrKhla u.ska uek .; yels o@

jsNj udkh

16 bf,lafg%dak mSvk fjki jevs w.hla .kafka l=uk f,day hq.,fha o@

 Mg  yd Cu hq.,fha

17 wus,fha idkao%Kh jevs l< jsg f,dayh TlaislrK fjs.hg l=ula isoqfjhs o@ tjsg jsNjudkfha w.h jevsfjs o@ wvqfjs o@

f,dayh TlaislrK fjs.hg jevsfjs

jevsfjs

18 fus wkqj bf,lafg%dak mSvk  fjki ljr idOl u; r|d mj;S o@

Ndjs;hg .kakd f,day hq.,h u;

jsoHq;a jspsfPofha idkao%Kh u;

Electro Chemistry 2 ans

kshus; jsIhh tall fldgi lshjSfuka wk;=rej wod, chemistans.blogspot.com  m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'iuyr jsIhh tall fldgia  ms<sn| oekqu icSjSlrK iu. animescience.webatu.com fj;ska ,nd  .ekSug W;aidy lrkak  Tnf.a ms<s;=re iemhSu wjYH m%Yak m;%h i|yd fj; chemistans.blogspot.com  msjsfikak'                                                                            fuh Tng iajhx we.hsula jkafkah' ms<s;=re fuysoSS mrSlaId lrkak

ksrka;rfhka isoq lrk iajhx we.hSu  Wiia fm< jsNd. j,g id¾:l f,i uqyqK oSug w;aje,la jkq we;'

bf,lafg%dav iu;=,s;;dj 2

;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h l=vd nSlr follg fjk fjku f.k A yd   B jYfhla f,an,a lrkq ,efns

 A Ndckhg   Zn f,dayh;a B Ndckhg   Cu f,dayh;a fhdod ,jK fia;=jla u.ska o%djK w;r iusnkaO;dj mj;ajd f.k we;

1 TlaislrK yelshdj jevs f,dayh f;darkak

Zn f,dayh

2 l=uk f,dayh u; bf,lafg%dak mSvkh jevs fjhso@

th fjkia l< yels fjk;a l%uhla ,shkak

 wus, idkao%Kh fjkia lsrSfuka

w.% w;r bf,lafg%dak mSvk fjki Ndjs;hg .kakd f,day hq.auh u;o r|d mj;S

tnejska hus f,dayhl TlaislrK yelshdj jsNjh u.ska uek .; yelsh

3 ljr idOl fuysoS iusu; lr .; hq;= o@

wus,fha iajNdjh

wus,fha idkao%Kh

f,day hq.auh

WIaK;ajh

4 iusu; WIaK;ajh f,i ;nd .kakd w.h lSho@

298K

5 iusu;  f,i Ndjs;hg .kakd bf,lafg%davh flfia ms<sfh, l, hq;= o@

lsishus f,dayhla ,Sgrhg fu!, 1la jk tys whk o%djKhl .s,ajd ;enSu

6 iusu; iskala bf,lafg%davh iuSmfha isoqjk m%;sls%hd ,shkak

Zn_(s)            Zn⁺⁺ _(aq) +2e

Zn⁺⁺ _(aq) +2e                 Zn_(s)

7 fuu m%;sls%hdj iu;=,s;;djhg m;a jQ jsg o%djKh;a bf,lafg%davh;a w;r yg.kakd jsNjh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

ksrfmalaI bf,lafg%dav jsNjh

8 m%dfhda.slj uekSu myiq jkafka fjk;a bf,lafg%davhlg ^ iusu; bf,lafg%davhla & idfmalaIj fuu bf,lafg%davh u; yg .kakd mSvkhhs th y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

idfmalaI bf,lafg%dav jsNjhhs

9 iusu; bf,lafg%davhla f.k thg idfmalaIj jsNjh ueksu i|yd Ndjs;hg .kafka l=ula o@

jsNjudkh

10 by; i|yka l< jsNjh m%dfhda.slj  uek.; yels o@

fkdyelsh

11 iusu; bf,lafg%davhla f,i fhdod .kafka  ljrla o@

yhsv%cka bf,lafg%davh

12 th ilid .ekSfusoS fhdod .;a bf,lafg%davh ,shkak

        Pt

 13 jsoHq;a jspsfPoHh ilid we;af;a flfia o@

,Sgrhg fu!, 1la jk tys  H⁺ whk o%djKhl .s,ajd  jdhq f.da, 1 l mSvkfhka yhsv%cka jdhqj hejSu

14 iusu; bf,lafg%davhl  jsNj w.h lSh o@ 

Y=kHhs

15 tu bf,lafg%davh u; isoqjsh yels m%;sls%hd ,shkak

  2H⁺ _(aq) +2e                H_2(g)

    H_2(g)                         2H⁺ _(aq) +2e

16 iusu; iskala bf,lafg%davh TlaislrKh fjhs kus  fuu iusu;  yhsv%cka bf,lafg%davhg iusnkaO l<fyd;a by; ljr m%;sls%hdj isoq fjhs o@

2H⁺ _(aq) +2e                  H_2(g)

17 ,jK fia;=j fhdokafka wehs@

  ,jK o%djK w;r ikakdhl;dj we;s lsrsug

18 iusu; f,i  iskala bf,lafg%davhla ksrEmkh lrkafka flfia o@

 Zn_(s) / Zn⁺⁺ _{(aq,1.0mol l-1)}

19  iusu; f,i  yhsv%cka bf,lafg%davhla ksrEmkh lrkafka flfia o@

 H₃O⁺ _{(aq,1.0 mol dm-3)} / H_{2(g,1 atm)}  ,Pt_(s)           

20 ta wkqj iusu; fldaIh ksrEmkh lrkak

   Zn_(s) / Zn⁺⁺ _{(aq,1.0mol l-1)}   /  H₃O⁺ _{(aq,1.0 mol dm-3)} / H_{2(g,1 atm)}  ,Pt_(s)           

21 tys ol=Kq miska Tn ;ensug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr bf,lafg%davh o@

TlaisyrK bf,lafg%davh

22 tys jus mi Tn ;ensug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr bf,lafg%davh o@

TlaislrK bf,lafg%davh

23 .e,ajfkduSgrfha  iQpsfha N%uKh jdudj¾;o@ olaIsKdj¾; o@

      jdudj¾; $ iDK w.hla f,i fmkajhs

24  C, iskala yd fldm¾ bf,lafg%dav i|yd ,enqKq w.hhka ms<sfj,ska  fuys olajd we;

  -  0.76V  ,            +0.34 V    ,     C      -1.18V

TlaislrK  yelsshdj by< uq, o%jHh f;dard ,shkak th wjfrdayK ms<sfj,g ilikak

C, iskala yd fldm¾

25 jvd jsoHq;a Ok uQ, o%jHh l=ula o@

C

26 jevs jsNjhla iys; fldaIhla idod .; yelafla ljr  f,day hq.,fhka o@idod .kakd fldaIfha

js' .d' n'fidhd .;yels iuSlrKhla ,shkak

C yd fldm¾

E cell    =    E _RHS –   E _LHS          fyda             E cell     = E _TlaisyrK –E _TlaislrK 

         =+  0.34 V   - (-1.18V)

27 iskala yd fldm¾ iusu; ;;aj hgf;a Ndjs; l<fyd;a iEfok fldaIfha TlaislrK w¾O m%;sls%hd ,shkak  fldaI m%;sls%hdj ,shkak

TlaislrK w¾O m%;sls%hd

Zn_(s)            Zn⁺⁺ _(aq) +2e

TlaisyrK w¾O m%;sls%hd

Cu⁺⁺ _(aq) +2e                Cu_(s)

fldaI m%;sls%hdj

Zn_(s) / Zn⁺⁺ _{(aq,1.0mol dm-3)}   /         Cu⁺⁺ _{(aq,1.0 mol dm-3)} / Cu_(s)

Zn_(s)    + Cu⁺⁺ _(aq)                                 Zn⁺⁺ _(aq)            +Cu_(s)   H= -213KJ mol^-1

28 fuu iuSlrKhg wkqj m%;sls%hdj isoqjk jsg  fldaIfha WIaK;ajh jevsfjs o@ $wvqfjs o@

fldaIfha WIaK;ajh jevsfjs

29 fuu moaO;shg iskala whk tl;= l< jsg iu;=,s;;dj ljr foig fhduq fjhs o@

iskala ;ekam;a jSu

jug fhduqjsu

30 iskala ;ekam;a jSu isoq jqjfyd;a ta i|yd jehjkafka fudkjd o@ tjsg jsNjhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

bf,lafg%dak

bf,lafg%dak mSvkh wvqfjhs jsNjh wvqfjhs

31 fuu moaO;shg iskala whk wvq l< jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

iu;=,s;;dj ol=Kg fhduqjsu f,dayh oshfjhs

bf,lafg%dak mSvkh jevsfjhs  bf,lafg%dav jsNjh jevs fjhs

32fuu moaO;shg fldm¾ whk jevs l< jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

 fldm¾ f,dayh iEoSug keUqre jSu bf,lafg%davh u;  mSvkh wvqfjhs  bf,lafg%dav jsNjh jevs fjhs

Benzene Ans

fnkaiSka

1 fnkaiSka i|yd fll=f,a jHqyh bosrsm;a lrkak

2 fuu jHqyh fmkajk my; i|yka .=K ,shd olajkak@

w' fn%dauSka oshr iu. ---- fiuska m%;sl%shd lsrSu$ oajs wdfoaYs; M, 3la ,enSu

wd' fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkags iu. ----- m%;sl%shd fkdlsrSu

we' yhsv%cka jdhqj ksl,a f,dayh iu. r;a lsrsu ------

yhsv%ckSlrK ;dmh 3 « 119 KJ w.hg jvd wvqjSu

tla tla ksrSlaIK u.ska ,nd .; yels ks.uk ,shkak

w' fn%dauSka oshr iu. l%shdj wkqj ---oajs;aj nkaOk we;s nj

wd' fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkags iu. l%shdj wkqj----

oajs;aj nkaOk we,alSk j,g wiudk nj

we' yhsv%cka jdhqj ksl,a f,dayh iu. r;a lsrsu ------

oajs;aj nkaOk we,alSk j,g wiudk nj

fnkaiSka j, nkaOk os. w.hka i|yka lrkak

1 . 39 A^x

tu ks.uk j,g wkqj fnkaiSka j, fll=f,a jHqyh ljr fjkiajsulg Ndckh jQfha o@

oajs;aj nkaOkh ia:sr f,i ia:dk.;jS ke;s nj

3 fnkaiSka j, jHqySh ,laIK ,shkak

;,Sh wKqjla jSu

;,hg by,ska yd my,ska fvdakgs yev bf,lafg%dak j,djla mej;Su

4 fnkaiSka j, jHqySh ,laIK j,g wod,j ljr j¾.fha ridhksl m%;sl%shd fmkajhs o@

bf,lafg%dams,sl wdfoaY m%;sls%hd

5 X kus jQ ldKavhla fnkaiSka j,hg iusnkaO jqjfyd;a ta u.ska l%shdldrs;ajfha ljr fjkila we;s fjshehs un is;kafka o@

fnkaiSka j,g jvd iEfok wKqj il%sh jSu fyda jsl%sh jSu

6 thg fya;= fudkjdo@

wdfoaYjk ldKavh fnkaiSka j,fha bf,lafg%dak

idkao%Kh fnkaiSka j,g jvd jevss lsrsu fyda wvq lsrsu'

7 ta u.ska we;s lrk fjk;a n,mEula ,shkak'

fojkqj wdfoaYjk ldKavh fnkaiSka j,fha ljr ia:dkhlg wdfoaY jkafkao hkak ;SrKh lsrSu

8 fnkaiska wKqjg fojkqj wdfoaYjk ldKavh f;dard .kakd ia:dkh wkqj wdfoaYl ldKav j¾. lrhs'

tajd kus lrkak'

Tsf;d wdfoaYl $ fugd wdfoaYl $ merd wdfoaYl

9 tjeks wdfoaYl i|yd WodyrK ,shkak'

Tsf;d wdfoaYl $ merd wdfoaYl

-NH₂ / -OH / -N -CH₃ / _- CH₃ / _- C₆H₅

_-OCH_{3 / -}NHCOCH₃

fugd wdfoaYl

_- COOH / _- NO₂

10 m%n, il%shl yd oqn, ils%hl w;r mj;sk fjki l+ula o@

wdfoaYjk ldKavh fnkaiSka j,fha bf,lafg%dak

idkao%Kh fnkaiSka j,g jvd jevss lrhs kus th m%n, il%shl f,i kus lsrsu'

-NH₂ / -OH / -N -CH₃ / _- CH₃ / _- C₆H₅

_-OCH_{3 / -}NHCOCH₃

11 by; wdfoaYl j,ska m%n, il%shl lsysmhl kus ,shkak'

-NH₂ / -OH / -N -CH₃

by; wdfoaYl j,ska oq¾j, il%shl lsysmhl kus ,shkak'

_- CH₃ / _- C₆H₅

12 fnkaiSka j,h jsl%sh jk wjia:djla i|yka lrkak'

• COOH / _- NO₂ / _- Cl

13 thg fya;= fudkjdo@

wdfoaYjk ldKavh fnkaiSka j,fha bf,lafg%dak

idkao%Kh fnkaiSka j,g jvd wvq lrhs

14 fnkaiSka u.ska C₆H₅NO₂ wjYH jk m%;sl%shl fudkjd o@

idkao% HNO₃ /idkao% H₂SO₄ 1:3

15 NO₂⁺ ldKavfha N-O w;r mj;sk nkaOk fudkjd o@

oajs;aj nkaOk

16 NO₂⁺ ldKavh myr fok ia:dkfha iajNdjh ,shkak'

bf,lafg%dak idkao%Kh jevs ia:dkhlg

17 fnkaiSka u.ska C₆H₅CH₃ ksmojSug wjYH jk m%;sl%shl fudkjd o@

ks¾c,Sh AlCl₃ yd CH₃Cl

18 fnkaiSka u.ska C₆H₁₂ ,nd .kafka flfia o@

ksl,a f,dayh we;sjsg H₂ iu. l%shdj $ r;a lsrSu

Alkyle Halide

we,alhs,a fya,hsv Wod - CH₃ CH₂ Cl

1 we,alhs,a fya,hsv olajk m%;sls%hd fudkjd o@

bj;ajSfus m%;sls%hd

2 tys ye,ckh bj;a jSfus yelshdj r|d mj;skafka ljr idOlhla u;o@

ye,ckfha jsoHq;a iDK;djh u;

ye,ckh iys; ldnka mrudKqfjs jsoHq;a Ok;djh u;

3 ye,ckh iys; ldnka mrudKqfjs jsoHq;a OkNdjh thg iusnkaO we,alhs,a ldKav .Kk u; flfia fjkia fjhs o@

we,alhs,a ldKav .Kk jevs jk jsg jsoHq;a Ok;djh wvqfjhs'

4 jsoHq;a Ok;djh wvqjk jsg ye,ckhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

bj;ajSfus m%;sls%hd

A - - (CH₃)₃ C Cl C – C₆H₅ CH₂ CH₂ Cl B--- (CH₃)₂C H Cl

5 fuu ixfhda. j, ye,ckh bj;ajSfus m%;sls%hd fjs.h wvqjk ms<sfj,g olajkak'

A ,C ,B

6 m%dfhda.sl f,i jsoHd.drfhaoS th ksrSlaIKh lrkafka flfia o@

tla tla o%djKh fjk fjku f.k uOHidr iy is,aj¾ khsfgs%gs nsxoq lsysmhla fhosu'

ye,ckh bj;ajSfus m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevs kus wvq ld,hlska iqoq wjlafIamhla ,efnhs'

7 tfia bj;ajk jsg tu ia:dkhg meusfka hehs wfmalaId lrk ldKav lsysmhla ,shkak'tys mj;sk ,laIKhla ,shkak '

- OH , - CN ,

jvd jsoHq;a iDK jSu

8 tjeks ldKavhla y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

kshqla,sfhdams,sl wdfoaY m%;sls%hd

9 wefudakshd iu. isoqlrk m%;sls%hdfjs hdka;%Kh fokak'

A - - (CH₃)₃ C Cl C – C₆H₅ CH₂ CH₂ Cl B--- (CH₃)₂C H Cl D – C₆H₅ Cl

10 jvd ia:dhS C - Cl nkaOkh yuq jkafka ljr ixfhda.fha o@

C₆H₅ Cl

11 thg fya;= ,shkak

tys nkaOk os. wvqjSu $ iusm%hqla; jHqy jevs.Kkla mej;Su ksid we;sjk ia:dhS;dj

12 jskdvs 5 ld,hla ;+, ldur WIaK;ajfhaaoS myiqfjka bj;a jsh yels ye,ck mrudKq orkafka ljrla o@

A yd B

13 tu bj;a jSfus yelshdj r|d mj;sk idOl fudkjd o@

C-Cl ldnka mrudKqfjs jsoHq;a Ok nj wvqjSu u;

ye,ck mrudKqfjs jsoHq;a iDk nj jevsjSu u;

14 C-Cl ldnka mrudKqfjs jsoHq;a Ok nj jevsjSug fya;=jk idOl ,shkak'

C-Cl ldnka mrudKqjg iusnkaO we,alhs,a ldKav .Kk wkqj fyda iusnkaO jS we;s bf,lafg%dak wdl¾Il ldKav ksid

15 C₆H₅ CH₂ CN hk wKqj idod .kafka flfia o@

C₆H₅ CH₂ Cl iu. KCN fyda HCN m%;sls%hd lsrSu

16 .%Skdvs m%;sldrlh idod .kafka flfia o@

we,alhs,a fya,hsv iu. jsh<s B;r yd ue.akSishus l=vq iu. ls%hd lrjSu

E C₆H₅ CH₂ CH Cl₂                F C₆H₅ CH₂ CH ₂Cl

17 by; ixfhda. w;=rska we,alSk fyda we,a lhsk ,nd.; yelafla flfia o@ wjYH ;;aj fokak'

,efnk M, i|yka lrkak'

C₆H₅ C = CH                  C₆H₅ CH=CH ₂

Equilibrium 3

iu;=,s;;dj 2 b;srs

iudk j¾K ;Sj%;dj we;s khsg%ckavfhdlaihsvs k, 3 la we;ehs is;kak  my; ;;aj hgf;a tys ksrSlaIK ,shkak

tla k,hla whsia j, ;ensu       

tla k,hla WK qc,fha ;ensu    

tla k,hla ldur WIaK;ajfha ;ensu                                                        

1 jevsu khsg%ckavfhdlaihsvs m%udKhla we;af;a l=uk k,fha o@

thg fya;= ,shkak

WK qc,fha ;enQ k,h

moaO;shg ;dmh ,nd oSfus n,mEu bj;a l< yels foig m%;sls%hdj fhduq jSu ksid $ ;dm wjfYdaIK m%;sls%hdj isoq jSu ksid bosrs w;g  m%;sls%hdj isoq jSu

2 ljr k,hl wj¾K jSu isoqfjhso@ tq u.ska .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@

whsia j, ;enQ k,fha iEoS we;s nj

N₂O₄  iEoS we;s nj $ miq  w;g  m%;sls%hdj isoq jSu $;dm odhl m%;sls%hdj isoq jSu

3 fuu moaO;sh iu;=,s;;djhg meusK we;s nj y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

k,fha   oqUqre j¾K;Sj%;dj fjkia fkdjSu 

NO_{2 ,}  N₂O₄ idkao%Kh ld,h;a iu. fjkia fkdjSu

      

4 fuu moaO;sh iu;=,s;;djh fjkia l, yels fjk;a l%uhla ,shkak

mSvkh fjkia lsrSu

5 th m%dfhda.slj isoq lrkafka flfia o@

  isrskachlg NO₂ jdhqj msrjSu    

  msiagkh msg;g weosfuka  mSvkh wvq lsrSu

  msiagkh ;,a,q lsrSsfuka  mSvkh jevs  lsrSu  

6 iu;=,s;;dj fjkia lsrSu flfia y|qkd .; yels o@

msiagkh ;,a,q lsrSsfusoSa  oqUqre j¾K;Sj%;dj wvq jSu  

 msiagkh msg;g weosfuoS oqUqre j¾K;Sj%;dj jevs jSu   

7 tu WIaK;ajfhaoSu jsjsO m%usK j,ska NO₂  mqrjd isrskachka jsjsO mSvk hgf;a ;enQ jsg ksh; w.hla ,nd .; yelafla idkao%Khkaf.a  ljr wkqmd;hka o@

                 [NO₂]² /  [N₂O₄]

8 ,efnk w.h fjkia l< yelafla flfia o@

   WIaK;ajh fjkia lsrSfuka

9   moaO;shla  ridhksl iu;=,s;;djfha  mej;Sug kus ljr lreKq iusmQ¾K jsh hq;=o@ lreKq 5 la fokak

m%;sj¾;H nj

ixjD; jSu

WIaK;ajh ksh; jSu

m%;sl%shl yd M, idkao%K ksh; jSu

mSvkh ksh; jSu