Sunday, March 23, 2014

All hydrocarbons ans

All hydrocarbon
1 yhsfv%dldnkj, ldnka mrudKq w;r mj;sk nkaOk fudkjd o@
nkaOk osf.a w.h i|yka lrkak jvd m%n, nkaOkh l=ula o@
;ks nkaOk $ oajs;aj nkaOk $ ;s%;aj nkaOk 1.20 A0
C-C ---- 1.54 A0
C=C ----1.34 A0 / 1.39 A0
;s%;aj nkaOk --- 1.20 A0

2 wika;Dma; ;djhg fya;= jk ljr nkaOk fudkjd o@
ldnka mrudKq w;r oajs;aj nkaOk $ ;s%;aj nkaOk

3 tjeks nkaOk mj;sk ixfhda. i|yd WodyrK fokak
oajs;aj nkaOk - we,alSk yd fnkaiSka
;s%;aj nkaOk -- we,alhsk

4 wdus,sl yhsv%cka mrudKq orkafka ljr wKq ;=, o@
iuyr we,alhsk$ ldnka odufha fl<jr ;s%;aj nkaOk we;s jsg

5 fujeks wika;Dma; nkaOk iys; ixfhda. ljr m%;sls%hd fmkajhs o@
wdus,sl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkagsj, ous meyeh wj¾K lsrSu
NdIausl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkags ous meyeh jsj¾K lsrSu$ oqUqre meyehg yerjsu
oqUqre meye;s fn%dauSka oshr wj¾K lsrSu

6 pl%sh wika;Dma; yhsfv%dldnk ixfhda.hla ioyd WodyrK fokak
fnkaiska

7 we,alsk j,g idfmalaIj tys mj;sk oajs;aj nkaOkfha we;s fjkialus ,shkak
oajs;aj nkaOkh ia:sr f,i ia:dk .;js fkdmej;Su
fnkaiska j, mj;sk oajs;aj nkaOk os. jevsjsu

8 m%dfhda.sl f,i th ;yjqre l< yels mrslaIKhla ,shkak
fn%dauska oshr j, oqUqre meyeh wj¾K lsrSug .kakd ld,h wkqj$ fn%dauska oshr iu. olajk
m%;sls%hd iS.%;djfha mj;sk fjkialu u.ska
wdus,sl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkagsj, ous meyeh wj¾K lsrSu isoq lrkafka we,alSk muKs


9 (CH3)2 CH .CH =CH2
tlu ;,fha mj;sk ldnka mrudKq yd ldKavhkaf.a j¾K ,shkak
fld< $ks,a $l,q

10 oajs;aj nkaOkhl mj;sk nkaOk j¾. fudkjd o@
is.aud nkaOk .Kk 1
*hs nkaOk .Kk 1

11 ;s%;aj nkaOkhl mj;sk nkaOk j¾. fudkjd o@
is.aud nkaOk .Kk 1
*hs nkaOk .Kk 2

12 tys mj;sk bf,lafg%dak j,d mj;skafka ljr ;, j,o@
is.aud nkaOkh ;sria ;,h
*hs nkaOk tlla ;sria ;,fha wfkl isria ;,fha tlsfklg wxYl 90 l fldaKhla
iys;j

13 oajs;aj nkaOk iys; tla ldnka mrudKqjl *hs nkaOk iys; bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r fldaKh lSho@
90x

14 *hs nkaOk yg .kafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;ro@
tla ldnka mrudKqjl kquqyqka P ldlaIslhla yd hdno wfkla ldnka mrudKqfj tus ;,fha mj;sk kquqyqka P ldlaIslhla w;r isoqjk bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka

15 C-H nkaOkhla yg .kafka bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka o@
tla ldnka mrudKqjl SP3 / SP2 / SP uqyqka ldlaIslhla yd hdno wfkla yhsv%cka mrudKqfjs S ldlaIslhla w;r isoqjk bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka

16 jevs Yla;s ;;ajhl mj;skafka kquqyqka P ldlaIslfhao@ uqyqka P ldlaIslhl o@
kquqyqka P ldlaIslfha

17 ldnka mrudKqjl msysgk uqyqka ldlaIsl bf,lafg%dak j,d folla w;r fldaKh lSho@
SP3 ---1090
SP2 ---1200
SP ---1800

18 uq;a; LKavl m%;sls%hd flfrys uQ,sl jkafka ljr wKqo@
we,aflak

19 ta ioyd mej;sh hq;= wjYH;d ,shkak
mdrcdusnQ, lsrK
ye,ck $laf,darska jdhqj

20yhsfv%dldnk iu. w|qf¾ oS mjd m%;sls%hd lrk ye,ckh l=ula o@
ma,qfjdrSka

21 fidavd ,hsus iu. r;a l< jsg yhsfv%dldnk ,nd fokafka ljr ixfhda.ho@ WodyrK fokak
ldfndlais,sla wus,
fnkaiska ioyd ldfndlais,sla wus,h ---- fnkafidhsla wus,h $ C6H5COOH
tf;aka ioyd ldfndlais,sla wus,h ---- fm%dmfkdhsla wus,h $ CH3CH2COOH

22 tla mshjrlska uOHidrhla ksmojd .; yels jkafka ljr yhsfv%dldnkhla u.skao@ ta flfia o@
we,alSsk
;kql i,amshqrsla wus,hla iu. ls%hdfjka

23 vhs fn%dauhsvhla ,nd .ekSug ljr yhsfv%dldnkhla fhdod .; yels o@
we,alsk iu. fn%dauska oshr
we,alhsk iu. HBr ls%hdfjka

24 t;Ska yd t;hska fjka lr y|qkd .ekSug fhdod.; yels mrslaIKhla ,shkak
wefudakSh is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs iu. ,efnk ly wjlafIamh u.ska
wefudakSh lshqm%ia laf,darhsvs iu. ,efnk r;= oqUqre wjlafIamh u.ska

25 we,alhskhlska we,avsyhsvhla ,nd .kafka flfia o@
ulshqrsla whk we;s jsg fi 600 os ;kQl i,amshqrsala wus,h iu. ls%hd lrjsfuka

26 fidavshus weisg,hsvs ksmojkafka flfia o@
t;hska iu. fidavshus f,dayh fyda fidaveuhsvs m%;sls%hd lsrSu u.ska fidavshus weisg,hsvs ksmojsh yelsh iEu we,alhskhlskau fujeks ixfhda.hla iEosh yels o@ fya;=j ,shkak
fkdyel
we,alhskfha wdus,sl yhsv%cka mej;sh hq;=h

27 fidavshus weisg,hsvs j, mj;sk ldnka ljr wdfrdamkhla orhs o@ th idokafka flfia o@
iDK wdfrdamK

o%j wefudakshd ;=, we;s fidavshus fyda NaNH2 iu. ls%hdfjka
28 th fu;s,a laf,darhsvs iu. idok M,fha ldnka .Kk lSh o@
ldnka 3la iys; we,alhskhla
29 r;a lrk ,o f,day nghla $ hlv fyda ksl,a ;=,ska t;hska jdhqh hejQ jsg ljr M,hla ,efns o@
fnkaiSka
30 CH3CH =CH2 iu. HOBr ls%hdfjka idok M,h ,shkak
CH3CHOH CH2Br iu.
31 CH3CH =CH2 iu. HBr ls%hdfjka idok M,h ,shkak fmfrdlaihsv we;s jsg ,efnk M,h l=ula fjs o@
CH3CH BrCH3
CH3CH2CH2 Br

32 tla mshjrlska uOHidrhla idod .; yels yhsfv%dldnkhla ,shkak
we,alSk ;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h iu.

33 mshjr follska uOHidrhla idod .; yels yhsfv%dldnkhla ,shkak
we,alhsk ;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h yd ulshqrsla i,afmag iu. fi' 60 WIaK;ajfha oS,nd fok ixfhda.h fldm¾ f,dayh iu. fi' 300 r;a lsrsu u.ska

34 CH3CHOH CH2OH ,nd .kafka flfia o@
CH3CH =CH2 NdIausl ;;aj hgf;a m¾ueka.fkag iu. ls%hdfjka

35 CH3CH =CH2 wdus,sl ;;aj hgf;a m¾ueka.fkag iu. ls%hdfjka ljr ixfhda. ,efnhs o@
ldfndlais,sla wus, - ldnkavfhdlaihsvs jdhqj
36 CH2 BrCH2 NO3 ,nd .kafka flfia o@
C2H4 , Na NO3 we;s jsg fn%dauSka iu. ls%hdfjka

37 we,avsyhsv fyda lSfgdakhla u.ska we,aflak ,nd .; yelafla flfia o@
yhsv%iSka iu. fmdgEishus yhsfv%dlaihsvs
fyda iskala ixri we;s jsg id' HCl u.ska
38 fnkaiska ,nd.ekSu i|yd fgd,qhSka ljr ;;aj j,g ,la l< hq;= o@
wdus,sl m¾ueka.fkag u.ska TlaislrKh lsrSfuka miq fidavd ,hsus iu. r;a lsrSu u.ska
39 C6H5D ,nd .kafka flfia o@
vhefidakshus ,jKhlg yhsfmd fmdiamria wus, h yd D2O iu. m%;sls%hdfjka
40 fuysoS fnkaiSka fhdod .ksuska vhefidakshus laf,darhsvs ksmojSug fmr ljr ixfhda. ksmojd .; hq;= o@
m<uqj khsfg%d fnkaiskao fojkqj weks,Ska o iEoSu
41 fuysoSa WIaK;aj md,khla wjYH jkafka wehs@
ldur WIaK;ajfha oS ,jKh wia:dhS nejska fi 0-10 C0 w.hla mj;ajd .kshs
42 mSfkda,a - fnkaiska - fgd,qhSka - khsfg%dfnkaiSka w;rska fnkaiSka j,g jvd NO2+whkh iu. ls%hdldrS jkafka l=uk wKqj o@
mSfkda,a
43 ta ljr fya;=jla ksid o@
NO2+bf,lafg%dms,slh $ bf,lafg%dak leu;s ldKavhla jvd;a leu;s jkafka bf,lafg%dak idkao%Kh jevs fnkaiSka j,hla iys; ia:dkhlgh
44 NO2+whkh ljr ia:dkhlg th iusnkaO fjhs o@ ta wehs@
Tsf;d iy merd ia:dk j,g
tu ia:dkj, jvd;a iDK wdfrdamK ia:dk.; jS mej;Su
45 fugd wdfoaYkhla fmkajkafka ljr wKqjo@ ta wehs@
khsfg%dfnkaiSka
Tsf;d iy merd ia:dk j,g idfmalaIj fugd ia:dkh jvd;a iDK njla fmkajSu

46 (CH3 )2C=CH .CH3 fujeks ixfhda.hla c,Sh HCl u.ska ,nd fok M,h l=ula o@
(CH3 )2CCl.CH2.CH3

47 (CH3 )2C=CH .CH3 fujeks ixfhda.hla fmfrdlaihsv we;sjsg c,Sh HCl u.ska ,nd fok M,h l=ula o@
(CH3 )2CH.CHCl.CH3



48 ldnksl ixfhda.hla i|yd ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla iEoSfus wruqK l=ula o@
tys we;s uQ,o%jH c,fha wo%djH nejska fidavshus ,jK njg m;a lr tys wkkH;dj y|qkd .ekSug

49 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla ;=, wka;¾.; jSug wjldY mj;sk whk fudkjd o@
- CN-1
- CO3 -2
-OH-1
- S-2
- SO4-2
- PO4 -3
- Cl -1 / - Br-1 / - I -1
50 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla wdus,sl lr w,q;ska idok ,o fmria i,afmag thg tl;= lsrsfusos
l¿ wjlafIamhla idohs kus ljr ks.ukhlg t<Ush yels o@
tys i,amhsv whk we;s nj
51 tu mrslaIKfhka ljrla y|qkd .; yels o@
khsg%cka $ ldKavh
CN-1
52 fujeks CN-1 , S-2 hk ldKavhka usY%Khl we;s jsg jeks whkhla y|qkd .ekSug fmr ljr ls%hd ud¾. wkq.ukh l, hq;= o@
ksiaidrl mrsudjg iudk ;kQl khsgs%la wus, mrsudjla fhdod usY%Kfhka 1$3 mrsudjla b;srsjk
;=re kegjSu
53 tysoS we;sjk m%;sM,h l=ula o@
HCN yd H2S f,ig CN-1 , S-2 hk ldKavhka bj;a jSu
54 ye,ck we;s nj flfia ;yjqre l< yels o@
is,aj¾ khsfg%sg iu. ,nd fok wjlafIamh
iqoQ wajlafIamh;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl o%djH jSu;a u.ska
u.ska Cl -1 we;s nj
,d ly meye;s wajlafIamh ;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl wo%djH jSu;a u.ska
u.ska Br- we;s nj
ly meye;s wajlafIamh ;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl wo%djH jSu;a u.ska
u.ska I -1 we;s nj
idkao% khsgs%la wus,h fhdod
55 ye,ck we;s nj flfia ;yjqre lsrSug wxl 52 ls%hdj jeo.;a jkafka wehs@
is,aj¾ khsfg%sg u.ska iqoq meye;s AgCN, Ag2S whk wjlafIam jSu je,lajSu
56 wefudakshus fud,snsfvsgs tl;= l< jsg ly meye;s wjlafIamhla fokafka ljrla o@
- PO4 -3
57 w¿;ska iEoQ fidavshus khsfg%dfm%dihsvs fhdod .kafka ljr whkhla y|qkd .ekSug o@
ljr j¾Khla ,nd fohs o@
ous meyeh