All hydrocarbons ans

All hydrocarbon

1 yhsfv%dldnkj, ldnka mrudKq w;r mj;sk nkaOk fudkjd o@

nkaOk osf.a w.h i|yka lrkak jvd m%n, nkaOkh l=ula o@

;ks nkaOk $ oajs;aj nkaOk $ ;s%;aj nkaOk 1.20 A⁰

C-C ---- 1.54 A⁰

C=C ----1.34 A⁰ / 1.39 A⁰

;s%;aj nkaOk --- 1.20 A⁰

2 wika;Dma; ;djhg fya;= jk ljr nkaOk fudkjd o@

ldnka mrudKq w;r oajs;aj nkaOk $ ;s%;aj nkaOk

3 tjeks nkaOk mj;sk ixfhda. i|yd WodyrK fokak

oajs;aj nkaOk - we,alSk yd fnkaiSka

;s%;aj nkaOk -- we,alhsk

4 wdus,sl yhsv%cka mrudKq orkafka ljr wKq ;=, o@

iuyr we,alhsk$ ldnka odufha fl<jr ;s%;aj nkaOk we;s jsg

5 fujeks wika;Dma; nkaOk iys; ixfhda. ljr m%;sls%hd fmkajhs o@

wdus,sl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkagsj, ous meyeh wj¾K lsrSu

NdIausl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkags ous meyeh jsj¾K lsrSu$ oqUqre meyehg yerjsu

oqUqre meye;s fn%dauSka oshr wj¾K lsrSu

6 pl%sh wika;Dma; yhsfv%dldnk ixfhda.hla ioyd WodyrK fokak

fnkaiska

7 we,alsk j,g idfmalaIj tys mj;sk oajs;aj nkaOkfha we;s fjkialus ,shkak

oajs;aj nkaOkh ia:sr f,i ia:dk .;js fkdmej;Su

fnkaiska j, mj;sk oajs;aj nkaOk os. jevsjsu

8 m%dfhda.sl f,i th ;yjqre l< yels mrslaIKhla ,shkak

fn%dauska oshr j, oqUqre meyeh wj¾K lsrSug .kakd ld,h wkqj$ fn%dauska oshr iu. olajk

m%;sls%hd iS.%;djfha mj;sk fjkialu u.ska

wdus,sl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkagsj, ous meyeh wj¾K lsrSu isoq lrkafka we,alSk muKs

9 (CH₃)₂ CH .CH =CH₂

tlu ;,fha mj;sk ldnka mrudKq yd ldKavhkaf.a j¾K ,shkak

fld< $ks,a $l,q

10 oajs;aj nkaOkhl mj;sk nkaOk j¾. fudkjd o@

is.aud nkaOk .Kk 1

*hs nkaOk .Kk 1

11 ;s%;aj nkaOkhl mj;sk nkaOk j¾. fudkjd o@

is.aud nkaOk .Kk 1

*hs nkaOk .Kk 2

12 tys mj;sk bf,lafg%dak j,d mj;skafka ljr ;, j,o@

is.aud nkaOkh ;sria ;,h

*hs nkaOk tlla ;sria ;,fha wfkl isria ;,fha tlsfklg wxYl 90 l fldaKhla

iys;j

13 oajs;aj nkaOk iys; tla ldnka mrudKqjl *hs nkaOk iys; bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r fldaKh lSho@

90^x

14 *hs nkaOk yg .kafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;ro@

tla ldnka mrudKqjl kquqyqka P ldlaIslhla yd hdno wfkla ldnka mrudKqfj tus ;,fha mj;sk kquqyqka P ldlaIslhla w;r isoqjk bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka

15 C-H nkaOkhla yg .kafka bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka o@

tla ldnka mrudKqjl SP₃ / SP₂ / SP uqyqka ldlaIslhla yd hdno wfkla yhsv%cka mrudKqfjs S ldlaIslhla w;r isoqjk bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka

16 jevs Yla;s ;;ajhl mj;skafka kquqyqka P ldlaIslfhao@ uqyqka P ldlaIslhl o@

kquqyqka P ldlaIslfha

17 ldnka mrudKqjl msysgk uqyqka ldlaIsl bf,lafg%dak j,d folla w;r fldaKh lSho@

SP₃ ---109⁰

SP₂ ---120⁰

SP ---180⁰

18 uq;a; LKavl m%;sls%hd flfrys uQ,sl jkafka ljr wKqo@

we,aflak

19 ta ioyd mej;sh hq;= wjYH;d ,shkak

mdrcdusnQ, lsrK

ye,ck $laf,darska jdhqj

20yhsfv%dldnk iu. w|qf¾ oS mjd m%;sls%hd lrk ye,ckh l=ula o@

ma,qfjdrSka

21 fidavd ,hsus iu. r;a l< jsg yhsfv%dldnk ,nd fokafka ljr ixfhda.ho@ WodyrK fokak

ldfndlais,sla wus,

fnkaiska ioyd ldfndlais,sla wus,h ---- fnkafidhsla wus,h $ C₆H₅COOH

tf;aka ioyd ldfndlais,sla wus,h ---- fm%dmfkdhsla wus,h $ CH₃CH₂COOH

22 tla mshjrlska uOHidrhla ksmojd .; yels jkafka ljr yhsfv%dldnkhla u.skao@ ta flfia o@

we,alSsk

;kql i,amshqrsla wus,hla iu. ls%hdfjka

23 vhs fn%dauhsvhla ,nd .ekSug ljr yhsfv%dldnkhla fhdod .; yels o@

we,alsk iu. fn%dauska oshr

we,alhsk iu. HBr ls%hdfjka

24 t;Ska yd t;hska fjka lr y|qkd .ekSug fhdod.; yels mrslaIKhla ,shkak

wefudakSh is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs iu. ,efnk ly wjlafIamh u.ska

wefudakSh lshqm%ia laf,darhsvs iu. ,efnk r;= oqUqre wjlafIamh u.ska

25 we,alhskhlska we,avsyhsvhla ,nd .kafka flfia o@

ulshqrsla whk we;s jsg fi 60⁰ os ;kQl i,amshqrsala wus,h iu. ls%hd lrjsfuka

26 fidavshus weisg,hsvs ksmojkafka flfia o@

t;hska iu. fidavshus f,dayh fyda fidaveuhsvs m%;sls%hd lsrSu u.ska fidavshus weisg,hsvs ksmojsh yelsh iEu we,alhskhlskau fujeks ixfhda.hla iEosh yels o@ fya;=j ,shkak

fkdyel

we,alhskfha wdus,sl yhsv%cka mej;sh hq;=h

27 fidavshus weisg,hsvs j, mj;sk ldnka ljr wdfrdamkhla orhs o@ th idokafka flfia o@

iDK wdfrdamK

o%j wefudakshd ;=, we;s fidavshus fyda NaNH₂ iu. ls%hdfjka

28 th fu;s,a laf,darhsvs iu. idok M,fha ldnka .Kk lSh o@

ldnka 3la iys; we,alhskhla

29 r;a lrk ,o f,day nghla $ hlv fyda ksl,a ;=,ska t;hska jdhqh hejQ jsg ljr M,hla ,efns o@

fnkaiSka

30 CH₃CH =CH₂ iu. HOBr ls%hdfjka idok M,h ,shkak

CH₃CHOH CH₂Br iu.

31 CH₃CH =CH₂ iu. HBr ls%hdfjka idok M,h ,shkak fmfrdlaihsv we;s jsg ,efnk M,h l=ula fjs o@

CH₃CH BrCH₃

CH₃CH₂CH₂ Br

32 tla mshjrlska uOHidrhla idod .; yels yhsfv%dldnkhla ,shkak

we,alSk ;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h iu.

33 mshjr follska uOHidrhla idod .; yels yhsfv%dldnkhla ,shkak

we,alhsk ;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h yd ulshqrsla i,afmag iu. fi' 60 WIaK;ajfha oS,nd fok ixfhda.h fldm¾ f,dayh iu. fi' 300 r;a lsrsu u.ska

34 CH₃CHOH CH₂OH ,nd .kafka flfia o@

CH₃CH =CH₂ NdIausl ;;aj hgf;a m¾ueka.fkag iu. ls%hdfjka

35 CH₃CH =CH₂ wdus,sl ;;aj hgf;a m¾ueka.fkag iu. ls%hdfjka ljr ixfhda. ,efnhs o@

ldfndlais,sla wus, - ldnkavfhdlaihsvs jdhqj

36 CH₂ BrCH₂ NO₃ ,nd .kafka flfia o@

C₂H₄ , Na NO₃ we;s jsg fn%dauSka iu. ls%hdfjka

37 we,avsyhsv fyda lSfgdakhla u.ska we,aflak ,nd .; yelafla flfia o@

yhsv%iSka iu. fmdgEishus yhsfv%dlaihsvs

fyda iskala ixri we;s jsg id' HCl u.ska

38 fnkaiska ,nd.ekSu i|yd fgd,qhSka ljr ;;aj j,g ,la l< hq;= o@

wdus,sl m¾ueka.fkag u.ska TlaislrKh lsrSfuka miq fidavd ,hsus iu. r;a lsrSu u.ska

39 C₆H₅D ,nd .kafka flfia o@

vhefidakshus ,jKhlg yhsfmd fmdiamria wus, h yd D₂O iu. m%;sls%hdfjka

40 fuysoS fnkaiSka fhdod .ksuska vhefidakshus laf,darhsvs ksmojSug fmr ljr ixfhda. ksmojd .; hq;= o@

m<uqj khsfg%d fnkaiskao fojkqj weks,Ska o iEoSu

41 fuysoSa WIaK;aj md,khla wjYH jkafka wehs@

ldur WIaK;ajfha oS ,jKh wia:dhS nejska fi 0-10 C⁰ w.hla mj;ajd .kshs

42 mSfkda,a - fnkaiska - fgd,qhSka - khsfg%dfnkaiSka w;rska fnkaiSka j,g jvd NO₂⁺whkh iu. ls%hdldrS jkafka l=uk wKqj o@

mSfkda,a

43 ta ljr fya;=jla ksid o@

NO₂⁺bf,lafg%dms,slh $ bf,lafg%dak leu;s ldKavhla jvd;a leu;s jkafka bf,lafg%dak idkao%Kh jevs fnkaiSka j,hla iys; ia:dkhlgh

44 NO₂⁺whkh ljr ia:dkhlg th iusnkaO fjhs o@ ta wehs@

Tsf;d iy merd ia:dk j,g

tu ia:dkj, jvd;a iDK wdfrdamK ia:dk.; jS mej;Su

45 fugd wdfoaYkhla fmkajkafka ljr wKqjo@ ta wehs@

khsfg%dfnkaiSka

Tsf;d iy merd ia:dk j,g idfmalaIj fugd ia:dkh jvd;a iDK njla fmkajSu

46 (CH₃ )₂C=CH .CH₃ fujeks ixfhda.hla c,Sh HCl u.ska ,nd fok M,h l=ula o@

(CH₃ )₂CCl.CH₂.CH₃

47 (CH₃ )₂C=CH .CH₃ fujeks ixfhda.hla fmfrdlaihsv we;sjsg c,Sh HCl u.ska ,nd fok M,h l=ula o@

(CH₃ )₂CH.CHCl.CH₃

48 ldnksl ixfhda.hla i|yd ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla iEoSfus wruqK l=ula o@

tys we;s uQ,o%jH c,fha wo%djH nejska fidavshus ,jK njg m;a lr tys wkkH;dj y|qkd .ekSug

49 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla ;=, wka;¾.; jSug wjldY mj;sk whk fudkjd o@

- CN^-1

- CO₃ ^-2

-OH^-1

- S^-2

- SO₄^-2

- PO₄ ^-3

- Cl ^-1 / - Br^-1 / - I ^-1

50 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla wdus,sl lr w,q;ska idok ,o fmria i,afmag thg tl;= lsrsfusos

l¿ wjlafIamhla idohs kus ljr ks.ukhlg t<Ush yels o@

tys i,amhsv whk we;s nj

51 tu mrslaIKfhka ljrla y|qkd .; yels o@

khsg%cka $ ldKavh

CN^-1

52 fujeks CN^-1 , S^-2 hk ldKavhka usY%Khl we;s jsg jeks whkhla y|qkd .ekSug fmr ljr ls%hd ud¾. wkq.ukh l, hq;= o@

ksiaidrl mrsudjg iudk ;kQl khsgs%la wus, mrsudjla fhdod usY%Kfhka 1$3 mrsudjla b;srsjk

;=re kegjSu

53 tysoS we;sjk m%;sM,h l=ula o@

HCN yd H₂S f,ig CN^-1 , S^-2 hk ldKavhka bj;a jSu

54 ye,ck we;s nj flfia ;yjqre l< yels o@

is,aj¾ khsfg%sg iu. ,nd fok wjlafIamh

iqoQ wajlafIamh;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl o%djH jSu;a u.ska

u.ska Cl ^-1 we;s nj

,d ly meye;s wajlafIamh ;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl wo%djH jSu;a u.ska

u.ska Br^- we;s nj

ly meye;s wajlafIamh ;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl wo%djH jSu;a u.ska

u.ska I ^-1 we;s nj

idkao% khsgs%la wus,h fhdod

55 ye,ck we;s nj flfia ;yjqre lsrSug wxl 52 ls%hdj jeo.;a jkafka wehs@

is,aj¾ khsfg%sg u.ska iqoq meye;s AgCN, Ag₂S whk wjlafIam jSu je,lajSu

56 wefudakshus fud,snsfvsgs tl;= l< jsg ly meye;s wjlafIamhla fokafka ljrla o@

- PO₄ ^-3

57 w¿;ska iEoQ fidavshus khsfg%dfm%dihsvs fhdod .kafka ljr whkhla y|qkd .ekSug o@

ljr j¾Khla ,nd fohs o@

ous meyeh