All hydrocarbons ans

All hydrocarbon

1 yhsfv%dldnkj, ldnka mrudKq w;r mj;sk nkaOk fudkjd o@

nkaOk osf.a w.h i|yka lrkak jvd m%n, nkaOkh l=ula o@

;ks nkaOk $ oajs;aj nkaOk $ ;s%;aj nkaOk 1.20 A⁰

C-C ---- 1.54 A⁰

C=C ----1.34 A⁰ / 1.39 A⁰

;s%;aj nkaOk --- 1.20 A⁰

2 wika;Dma; ;djhg fya;= jk ljr nkaOk fudkjd o@

ldnka mrudKq w;r oajs;aj nkaOk $ ;s%;aj nkaOk

3 tjeks nkaOk mj;sk ixfhda. i|yd WodyrK fokak

oajs;aj nkaOk - we,alSk yd fnkaiSka

;s%;aj nkaOk -- we,alhsk

4 wdus,sl yhsv%cka mrudKq orkafka ljr wKq ;=, o@

iuyr we,alhsk$ ldnka odufha fl<jr ;s%;aj nkaOk we;s jsg

5 fujeks wika;Dma; nkaOk iys; ixfhda. ljr m%;sls%hd fmkajhs o@

wdus,sl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkagsj, ous meyeh wj¾K lsrSu

NdIausl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkags ous meyeh jsj¾K lsrSu$ oqUqre meyehg yerjsu

oqUqre meye;s fn%dauSka oshr wj¾K lsrSu

6 pl%sh wika;Dma; yhsfv%dldnk ixfhda.hla ioyd WodyrK fokak

fnkaiska

7 we,alsk j,g idfmalaIj tys mj;sk oajs;aj nkaOkfha we;s fjkialus ,shkak

oajs;aj nkaOkh ia:sr f,i ia:dk .;js fkdmej;Su

fnkaiska j, mj;sk oajs;aj nkaOk os. jevsjsu

8 m%dfhda.sl f,i th ;yjqre l< yels mrslaIKhla ,shkak

fn%dauska oshr j, oqUqre meyeh wj¾K lsrSug .kakd ld,h wkqj$ fn%dauska oshr iu. olajk

m%;sls%hd iS.%;djfha mj;sk fjkialu u.ska

wdus,sl fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkagsj, ous meyeh wj¾K lsrSu isoq lrkafka we,alSk muKs

9 (CH₃)₂ CH .CH =CH₂

tlu ;,fha mj;sk ldnka mrudKq yd ldKavhkaf.a j¾K ,shkak

fld< $ks,a $l,q

10 oajs;aj nkaOkhl mj;sk nkaOk j¾. fudkjd o@

is.aud nkaOk .Kk 1

*hs nkaOk .Kk 1

11 ;s%;aj nkaOkhl mj;sk nkaOk j¾. fudkjd o@

is.aud nkaOk .Kk 1

*hs nkaOk .Kk 2

12 tys mj;sk bf,lafg%dak j,d mj;skafka ljr ;, j,o@

is.aud nkaOkh ;sria ;,h

*hs nkaOk tlla ;sria ;,fha wfkl isria ;,fha tlsfklg wxYl 90 l fldaKhla

iys;j

13 oajs;aj nkaOk iys; tla ldnka mrudKqjl *hs nkaOk iys; bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r fldaKh lSho@

90^x

14 *hs nkaOk yg .kafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;ro@

tla ldnka mrudKqjl kquqyqka P ldlaIslhla yd hdno wfkla ldnka mrudKqfj tus ;,fha mj;sk kquqyqka P ldlaIslhla w;r isoqjk bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka

15 C-H nkaOkhla yg .kafka bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka o@

tla ldnka mrudKqjl SP₃ / SP₂ / SP uqyqka ldlaIslhla yd hdno wfkla yhsv%cka mrudKqfjs S ldlaIslhla w;r isoqjk bf,lafg%dak j,d w;spsPdokfhka

16 jevs Yla;s ;;ajhl mj;skafka kquqyqka P ldlaIslfhao@ uqyqka P ldlaIslhl o@

kquqyqka P ldlaIslfha

17 ldnka mrudKqjl msysgk uqyqka ldlaIsl bf,lafg%dak j,d folla w;r fldaKh lSho@

SP₃ ---109⁰

SP₂ ---120⁰

SP ---180⁰

18 uq;a; LKavl m%;sls%hd flfrys uQ,sl jkafka ljr wKqo@

we,aflak

19 ta ioyd mej;sh hq;= wjYH;d ,shkak

mdrcdusnQ, lsrK

ye,ck $laf,darska jdhqj

20yhsfv%dldnk iu. w|qf¾ oS mjd m%;sls%hd lrk ye,ckh l=ula o@

ma,qfjdrSka

21 fidavd ,hsus iu. r;a l< jsg yhsfv%dldnk ,nd fokafka ljr ixfhda.ho@ WodyrK fokak

ldfndlais,sla wus,

fnkaiska ioyd ldfndlais,sla wus,h ---- fnkafidhsla wus,h $ C₆H₅COOH

tf;aka ioyd ldfndlais,sla wus,h ---- fm%dmfkdhsla wus,h $ CH₃CH₂COOH

22 tla mshjrlska uOHidrhla ksmojd .; yels jkafka ljr yhsfv%dldnkhla u.skao@ ta flfia o@

we,alSsk

;kql i,amshqrsla wus,hla iu. ls%hdfjka

23 vhs fn%dauhsvhla ,nd .ekSug ljr yhsfv%dldnkhla fhdod .; yels o@

we,alsk iu. fn%dauska oshr

we,alhsk iu. HBr ls%hdfjka

24 t;Ska yd t;hska fjka lr y|qkd .ekSug fhdod.; yels mrslaIKhla ,shkak

wefudakSh is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs iu. ,efnk ly wjlafIamh u.ska

wefudakSh lshqm%ia laf,darhsvs iu. ,efnk r;= oqUqre wjlafIamh u.ska

25 we,alhskhlska we,avsyhsvhla ,nd .kafka flfia o@

ulshqrsla whk we;s jsg fi 60⁰ os ;kQl i,amshqrsala wus,h iu. ls%hd lrjsfuka

26 fidavshus weisg,hsvs ksmojkafka flfia o@

t;hska iu. fidavshus f,dayh fyda fidaveuhsvs m%;sls%hd lsrSu u.ska fidavshus weisg,hsvs ksmojsh yelsh iEu we,alhskhlskau fujeks ixfhda.hla iEosh yels o@ fya;=j ,shkak

fkdyel

we,alhskfha wdus,sl yhsv%cka mej;sh hq;=h

27 fidavshus weisg,hsvs j, mj;sk ldnka ljr wdfrdamkhla orhs o@ th idokafka flfia o@

iDK wdfrdamK

o%j wefudakshd ;=, we;s fidavshus fyda NaNH₂ iu. ls%hdfjka

28 th fu;s,a laf,darhsvs iu. idok M,fha ldnka .Kk lSh o@

ldnka 3la iys; we,alhskhla

29 r;a lrk ,o f,day nghla $ hlv fyda ksl,a ;=,ska t;hska jdhqh hejQ jsg ljr M,hla ,efns o@

fnkaiSka

30 CH₃CH =CH₂ iu. HOBr ls%hdfjka idok M,h ,shkak

CH₃CHOH CH₂Br iu.

31 CH₃CH =CH₂ iu. HBr ls%hdfjka idok M,h ,shkak fmfrdlaihsv we;s jsg ,efnk M,h l=ula fjs o@

CH₃CH BrCH₃

CH₃CH₂CH₂ Br

32 tla mshjrlska uOHidrhla idod .; yels yhsfv%dldnkhla ,shkak

we,alSk ;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h iu.

33 mshjr follska uOHidrhla idod .; yels yhsfv%dldnkhla ,shkak

we,alhsk ;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h yd ulshqrsla i,afmag iu. fi' 60 WIaK;ajfha oS,nd fok ixfhda.h fldm¾ f,dayh iu. fi' 300 r;a lsrsu u.ska

34 CH₃CHOH CH₂OH ,nd .kafka flfia o@

CH₃CH =CH₂ NdIausl ;;aj hgf;a m¾ueka.fkag iu. ls%hdfjka

35 CH₃CH =CH₂ wdus,sl ;;aj hgf;a m¾ueka.fkag iu. ls%hdfjka ljr ixfhda. ,efnhs o@

ldfndlais,sla wus, - ldnkavfhdlaihsvs jdhqj

36 CH₂ BrCH₂ NO₃ ,nd .kafka flfia o@

C₂H₄ , Na NO₃ we;s jsg fn%dauSka iu. ls%hdfjka

37 we,avsyhsv fyda lSfgdakhla u.ska we,aflak ,nd .; yelafla flfia o@

yhsv%iSka iu. fmdgEishus yhsfv%dlaihsvs

fyda iskala ixri we;s jsg id' HCl u.ska

38 fnkaiska ,nd.ekSu i|yd fgd,qhSka ljr ;;aj j,g ,la l< hq;= o@

wdus,sl m¾ueka.fkag u.ska TlaislrKh lsrSfuka miq fidavd ,hsus iu. r;a lsrSu u.ska

39 C₆H₅D ,nd .kafka flfia o@

vhefidakshus ,jKhlg yhsfmd fmdiamria wus, h yd D₂O iu. m%;sls%hdfjka

40 fuysoS fnkaiSka fhdod .ksuska vhefidakshus laf,darhsvs ksmojSug fmr ljr ixfhda. ksmojd .; hq;= o@

m<uqj khsfg%d fnkaiskao fojkqj weks,Ska o iEoSu

41 fuysoSa WIaK;aj md,khla wjYH jkafka wehs@

ldur WIaK;ajfha oS ,jKh wia:dhS nejska fi 0-10 C⁰ w.hla mj;ajd .kshs

42 mSfkda,a - fnkaiska - fgd,qhSka - khsfg%dfnkaiSka w;rska fnkaiSka j,g jvd NO₂⁺whkh iu. ls%hdldrS jkafka l=uk wKqj o@

mSfkda,a

43 ta ljr fya;=jla ksid o@

NO₂⁺bf,lafg%dms,slh $ bf,lafg%dak leu;s ldKavhla jvd;a leu;s jkafka bf,lafg%dak idkao%Kh jevs fnkaiSka j,hla iys; ia:dkhlgh

44 NO₂⁺whkh ljr ia:dkhlg th iusnkaO fjhs o@ ta wehs@

Tsf;d iy merd ia:dk j,g

tu ia:dkj, jvd;a iDK wdfrdamK ia:dk.; jS mej;Su

45 fugd wdfoaYkhla fmkajkafka ljr wKqjo@ ta wehs@

khsfg%dfnkaiSka

Tsf;d iy merd ia:dk j,g idfmalaIj fugd ia:dkh jvd;a iDK njla fmkajSu

46 (CH₃ )₂C=CH .CH₃ fujeks ixfhda.hla c,Sh HCl u.ska ,nd fok M,h l=ula o@

(CH₃ )₂CCl.CH₂.CH₃

47 (CH₃ )₂C=CH .CH₃ fujeks ixfhda.hla fmfrdlaihsv we;sjsg c,Sh HCl u.ska ,nd fok M,h l=ula o@

(CH₃ )₂CH.CHCl.CH₃

48 ldnksl ixfhda.hla i|yd ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla iEoSfus wruqK l=ula o@

tys we;s uQ,o%jH c,fha wo%djH nejska fidavshus ,jK njg m;a lr tys wkkH;dj y|qkd .ekSug

49 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla ;=, wka;¾.; jSug wjldY mj;sk whk fudkjd o@

- CN^-1

- CO₃ ^-2

-OH^-1

- S^-2

- SO₄^-2

- PO₄ ^-3

- Cl ^-1 / - Br^-1 / - I ^-1

50 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla wdus,sl lr w,q;ska idok ,o fmria i,afmag thg tl;= lsrsfusos

l¿ wjlafIamhla idohs kus ljr ks.ukhlg t<Ush yels o@

tys i,amhsv whk we;s nj

51 tu mrslaIKfhka ljrla y|qkd .; yels o@

khsg%cka $ ldKavh

CN^-1

52 fujeks CN^-1 , S^-2 hk ldKavhka usY%Khl we;s jsg jeks whkhla y|qkd .ekSug fmr ljr ls%hd ud¾. wkq.ukh l, hq;= o@

ksiaidrl mrsudjg iudk ;kQl khsgs%la wus, mrsudjla fhdod usY%Kfhka 1$3 mrsudjla b;srsjk

;=re kegjSu

53 tysoS we;sjk m%;sM,h l=ula o@

HCN yd H₂S f,ig CN^-1 , S^-2 hk ldKavhka bj;a jSu

54 ye,ck we;s nj flfia ;yjqre l< yels o@

is,aj¾ khsfg%sg iu. ,nd fok wjlafIamh

iqoQ wajlafIamh;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl o%djH jSu;a u.ska

u.ska Cl ^-1 we;s nj

,d ly meye;s wajlafIamh ;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl wo%djH jSu;a u.ska

u.ska Br^- we;s nj

ly meye;s wajlafIamh ;kql khsgs%la wus,fha wo%djH jSu;a ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhl wo%djH jSu;a u.ska

u.ska I ^-1 we;s nj

idkao% khsgs%la wus,h fhdod

55 ye,ck we;s nj flfia ;yjqre lsrSug wxl 52 ls%hdj jeo.;a jkafka wehs@

is,aj¾ khsfg%sg u.ska iqoq meye;s AgCN, Ag₂S whk wjlafIam jSu je,lajSu

56 wefudakshus fud,snsfvsgs tl;= l< jsg ly meye;s wjlafIamhla fokafka ljrla o@

- PO₄ ^-3

57 w¿;ska iEoQ fidavshus khsfg%dfm%dihsvs fhdod .kafka ljr whkhla y|qkd .ekSug o@

ljr j¾Khla ,nd fohs o@

ous meyeh

Periodic table d block ans

1 ueka.ksia $lafrdaushus $jefkavshus hk fusjdfha NdIausl Ulaihsv i|yka lrkak

VO / V₂O₃

MnO

Mn₂O₃

2 wdus,sl Tlaihsv f,i yeisfrkafka ljrlao@

Mn2O7

MnO3

CrO

CrO2

CrO3

V2O5

3 WNh.=ks ixfhda. jkafka ljrla o@

MnO2

VO2

Cr2O3

4 +1 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@

Sc / Zn

5 +2 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@

Sc

6 +3 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@

Zn

7 +4 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@

Sc / Zn / Cu

8 +5 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg we;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@

V / Mn / Cr / Fe / Co

9 +6 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg fkdue;af;a ljr uQ, o%jH j, o@

Mn / Cr / Fe

10 +7 TlaislrK wjia:dj olakg we;af;a ljr uQ, o%jHhg o@

Mn

Tn okakd d f.dkqfjs whk fyda oS we;s ,jK w;rska iudk j¾K iys; ,jK f;darkak

1 [Cu (NH₃)₄] ⁺² 2 - [Ni (NH₃) ₆] ⁺² 3 - Co (NH₃) ₆] ⁺² 4 - Cr(NH₃) ₆] ⁺²

5 Ni (H₂O) ₆] ⁺² 6 - Cu (H₂O) ₆] ⁺² 7 - Cr(H₂O) ₄] ⁺² 8 - Fe (H₂O) ₆] ⁺³ 9 - Co (H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

10 – CuCl₄ 11 Cr(H₂O) ₅Cl 12 - NiCl₂ 13 Ni (OH) ₂ 14 – CoCl₄

15 V O²⁺ 16 VO₂²⁺ 7 - V ³⁺ 18 -- V ²⁺

19 - Mn(H₂O) ₆] ⁺² 20 - Cr(H₂O) ₆] ⁺² 21. Cr(H₂O) ₆] ⁺³ 22 Ni(NH₃) ₆] ⁺³

ks,a j¾Kh --- 6 $1 $3 $14 $2 $15 $20

fld< j¾Kh --- 11 $7 $13 $17 $ Fe ⁺² _(aq) / Ni ⁺² _(aq)

ly j¾Kh --- 8 $4 $12 $10 $16 $3

ous j¾Kh --- 18 $ Cr ⁺³ _(aq) / Ti⁺³ _(aq) / Mn⁺³ _(aq)/ 21

frdai j¾Kh ---9 $19

oqUqre -- 22 $

ksrslaIK j,g .e,fmk ,jKh bosrsm;a lrkak

1 ks,a ous meye;s c,Sh o%djKhla fidavshus yhsfv%dlaihsvs H₂O₂ fhoQjsg lymdg o%djKhla ,nd fohs

ks,a ous meye;s o%djKh Cr ⁺³

2 laf,darhsvhlg idkao% HCl fhoQ jsg lymdg o%djKhla ,efnhs ,efnk o%djKh fldm¾

f,dayh iu. kegjQ jsg wj¾K jQ w;r thg c,h fhosfusoS R iqoq wjlafIamhla ,enqKs

Cu⁺²

lymdg o%djKh CuCl₄ ^-2

wj¾K jQ o%djKh 2[ CuCl₂ ]-²

iqoq wjlafIamhla CuCl

3 R iqoq wjlafIamh wefudakshus yhsfv%dlaihsvs tl;= l< jsg oshjS idok wj¾K o%djKh

jd;hg jsjD; l< jsg ;oks,a meyehg yefrhs

wj¾K o%djKh [Cu (NH₃)₂] ⁺

;oks,a meyeh 2[Cu (NH₃)₄] ⁺²

4 ks,a meye;s c,sh o%djKhlg jevsmqr NaOH fhoQjsg ,d ks,a meye whlafIamhla ,efnhs th r;a l< jsg l,q wjlafIamhla ,enqKs

ks,a meye;s c,sh o%djKh -- [Cu (H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

,d ks,a meye whlafIamhla --- [Cu( OH) ₂(H₂O) ₄]

l,q wjlafIamhla _{– CuO}

5 ks,a meye;s c,sh o%djKhlg wefudakshd tl;=l< jsg ,efnk wjlafIamh jevsmqr wefudakshd tl; =l< jsg ,efnk ,d ks,a meye wjlafIamhla oshfjhs

,efnk o%djKfha meyeh l=ula o@

m%Yshka ks,a– [Cu( NH₃ ) ₄(H₂O) ₄]⁺²

Cu (NH₃)₄] ⁺²

6 wefudakshus yhsfv%dlaihsvs tl;= l< jsg le; $ls,qgq fld< meye;s wjlafIamhla ,ensu tu wjlafIamh l=ula o@

fmria yhsfv%dlaihsvs $ Fe (H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

7 B kus ,d ly meye;s c,Sh o%djKhla oqn, f,i NdIausl l< jsg ly oqUqre meyehla we;s jsh

Fe (H₂O) ₆] ⁺³

[Fe (OH) ₃ (H₂O) ₄]

9 B kus o%djKh id HCl u.ska wdus,sl l< jsg ,efnk ly meyeh KCN iu. oQUqre meye jsh

B kus ly oQUqre o%djKh fmdgEishus fmrsihkhsvs iu. ks,a j¾Khla fohs

oQUqre o%djKh meye h - [ Fe(CN)₆] ^-3

10 tu ly oQUqre o%djKh KSCN /NH₄SCN iu. ljr j¾Khla fohs o@

f,a r;= j¾Kh

[Fe (SCN) (H₂O) ₅ ] ⁺²

11 f,dayhla ;kql HCl u.ska wdus,sl l< jsg ,efnk C kus o%djKh fld< meyehla ,nd oqks

fld< meyehla - Fe (H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

12 ,d fld, meyeh gsl fjs,djlska ly oqUqre meye jSug fya;= jk ridhksl ls%hdj,sh iuSSlrKhlska fokak

Fe (H₂O) ₆] ⁺² + 4H⁺ + O₂ = 4[Fe (H₂O) ₆] ⁺³ + 2H₂O

13 thg iy ;kql wus,hla yd iskala l=vq oud gsl fjs,djla ;enQ jsg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

fld< meyehla ,nd oqks

fld< meyeh - 2 Fe (H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

14 fuhg NaOH fhoQ jsg we;sjk j¾Kh ,shkak

ls,qgq fld< meye;s wjlafIamhla

[Fe (OH) ₂ (H₂O) ₄]

15 KCN iu. fmria whk ,nd fok meyeh l=ula o@

ly fld< j¾Kh

[ Fe(CN)₆] ^-4

16 idkao% HCl iu. fmria whk ,nd fok meyeh l=ula o@

ly

[ Fe(Cl)₄] ^-2

17 B kus ly oQUqre o%djKh fmdgEishus fmrsihkhsvs iu. m%Yshka ks,a j¾Khla fohs

oQUqre o%djKh meye h - Fe⁺³

18 u ly oQUqre o%djKh KSCN /NH₄SCN iu. ljr j¾Khla fohs o@

f,a r;= j¾Kh

[Fe (SCN) (H₂O) ₅ ] ⁺²

19 Q kus ,d frdai meye;s o%djKhlg ;kql HNO₃ tl;= l< jsg ous meyehla we;s jsh NdIausl l< jsg th fld< meyehg yereKs

frdai meye;s o%djKh -- [Mn (H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

ous meyeh - MnO₄^-1

fld< meyehg -- MnO₄^-2

20 Q kus ,d frdai meye;s o%djKhlg NdIausl l< jsg ly iqoq wjlafIamhla we;s jsh

th gsl fjs,djlska H₂O₂ we;s jsg oqUqre meyehg yereks

ly iqoq wjlafIamh Mn(OH)₂ (H₂O) ₄] ⁺²

oqUqre meyeh MnO₂

21 fld< meye;s c kus c,Sh o%djKhla oqn, f,i wdus,sl lr gsl fjs,djla ;nd fmrd .;a jsg fmryka lvodisfha l,q meyehla o fmfrkfha ous meyehla we;s jsh iuslrKhla u.ska th ksrEmkh lrkak

3MnO₄^-2 +4 H⁺ = 2 MnO₄^-1 + MnO₂ + 2H₂O

fld< meyeh ous meyeh -

22 B kus ks,a ous meyehla we;s c,Sh ,jKhla laIdr iu. ,efnk fld< meye wjlafIamh meh lsysmhlg miq fld, meye o%djKhla ,enqKs

ous meyeh --- Cr(H₂O) ₆] ⁺³

fld< meye wjlafIamh------- Cr(OH) ₃ (H₂O)₃]

ld, meye o%djKh----- Cr(OH) ₆⁺³

23 gsl fjs,djla ;enq jsg ous meye jkafka wehs@

idudkH WIaK;ajfha oS fiuska jsfhdackh jk ksid

24 tu o%djKh mej;s ;;ajhg fk taug l=ula l< hq;= o@

wus,hla Ndjs; l< hq;=h

25 wefudakshd o%djKh fhoQ jsg ks,a-ous o%djKh ous meyehg yereKs

ous meyehg ----Cr(NH₃) ₆] ⁺³

26 ly meye;s o%djKhla wdus,sl l< jsg ;eUs,s meye;s o%djKhla ,enqKs tu o%djKhg NIauhla tl;= l, jsg isoq jkafka l=ula o@

ly meye;s o%djKh---- CrO₄^-2

;eUs,s meye;s o%djKh --- Cr₂O₇^-2

ly meye;s o%djKhla ,enSu

27 f,dayhla iu. ;kql HCl u.ska wdus,sl l< jsg ,efnk ks,a meye o%djKh jd;h yuqfjs

ous meyehg yereKs

ks,a meye o%djKh ---- Cr(H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

ous meyeh o%djKh ---- Cr(H₂O) ₆] ⁺³

28 by; ous meyeh o%djKh kej; ly meye;s iajdNdjhg m;a lsrSug l=ula l< hq;= o@

laIdr we;s jsg H₂O₂ iu. ls%hdj

Cr⁺³ whk Cr⁺² yrjkafka flfia o@

iskala ixri fhdod .ekSfuka

29 S ,d fld< meye;s o%djKhla ;kql NaOH tl;= l< jsg ,d fld< meye wjlafIamhla we;s jsh

,d fld< meye wjlafIamh [Ni(OH) ₂ (H₂O) ₄

,d fld< meye;s s o%djKh -- [Ni (H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

30 S fld< meye o%djKhla jevsmqr wefudakshd iu. idok A ,d fld < wj;afIamh oshjS ks,a ouS meye;s o%djKhla fohs th kegjQ jsg

,dfld < wj;afIamh [Ni(OH) ₂ (H₂O)₄]

ks,a ouS meye;s o%djKh [Ni(NH₃) ₆] ⁺²

31 S ,d fld< meye;s o%djKh t;fkda,a udOHfha oS ks,a meye;s o%djKhla fohs

[Ni Cl ₄] ^-2

32 ihkhsvs whk we;sjsg ,d fld< wjlafIamhla we;sjS jevsmqr we;s jsg th oshjS ly meye;s o%djKhla fohs

,d fld< wjlafIamh -- Ni (CN)₂

ly meye;s o%djKh -- [Ni (CN) ₄] ^-2

33 laIdrSh vhs fu;s,a .a,fhdlaihsus iu. r;= wjlafIamhla fokafka ljrla o@

Ni⁺²

34 iqoq meye;s Tlaihsvhla iskala yd wus, udOHhloS ous meye;s o%djKhla ,nd oqks

iqoq meye;s Tlaihsvh TiO₂

ous meye;s o%djKhla Ti(H₂O) ₆] ⁺³

35 iqoq meye;s Tlaihsvhla idkao% HCl wus, udOHhloS wj¾K o%jKhla we;s lf<ah th r;a l< jsg iqoq wjfYaIhla b;srs jsh

[TiCl ₆] ^-2

TiCl₂

36 ;eUs,s meye Tlaihsvhla iskala yd wus, udOHhloS fld< meye;s jsh

gsl fjs,djls th ous meye;s jsh

;eUs,s meye Tlaihsvh V₂O₅

fld< meye;s o%djKhla V(H₂O) ₆] ⁺³

ous meye;s o%djKhla V(H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

37 ous meye;s o%djKhla SO₂ iu. ;o ks,a meyehla ,nd oqks th wus, f,day iu.

ous meye;s o%djKhla fohs

ks,a meyehla VO₂

ous meye;s o%djKhla V(H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

38 ks,a meye o%djKh laIdrhla iu. l==ula ,nd fohs o@

VO ₃ ^-2

39 P kus ,d frdai meye;s o%djKhlg ;kql NaOH tl;= l< jsg ks,a meyehla we;s jsh

jevsmqr NaOH tl;= l< jsg frdai meye T wjlafIamhla we;s jsh

P frdai meye;s o%djKh -- [Co (H₂O) ₆] ⁺²

frdai meye wjlafIamh -- [Co (OH) ₂ (H₂O) ₄]

ks,a meye wjlafIamh -- [Co (OH) (H₂O) ₅] ⁺

ks,a meye wjlafIamh --- [Co (OH) ₂ (H₂O) ₄]

40 T wj;afIamh HCl j, oshjS ks,a meye;s o%djKhla fohs

[Co Cl ₄] ^-2

41 P wefudakshd iu. idok ks,a wj;afIamh jevsmqr wefudakshd oshjS A ly oqUqre meye;s o%djKhla fohs th kegjQ jsg

ks,a meye wjlafIamh [Co (OH) (H₂O) ₅] ⁺

ly oqUqre meye;s o%djKh [Co (NH₃) ₆] ⁺²

l¿ wajlafIamh [Co (OH) ₃ (H₂O) ₃]

42 A kus o%djKhlg jd;h fyda H₂O₂ fhoQ jsg ;eUs,s oQUqre o%djKhla ,nd fohs

;eUs,s oQUqre o%djKh 2 [Co (NH₃) ₆] ⁺³

43 whvhsvs whk njg I₂ yrjkafka l=uk fldfnda,ags whkh o@

Co⁺³

44 wefudakshus yhsfv%dlaihsvs tl;= l< jsg oqUqre meye;s wjlafIamhla ,ensu tu wjlafIamh l=ula o@

fmrsla yhsfv%dlaihsvs

45 fmdgEishus fmfrdaihkhsvs K₄Fe (CN)₆ iu. iqoq wjlafIamhla ,enSu

fmriaa ,jK

46 fmdgEishus fmfrdaihkhsvs K₄Fe (CN)₆ iu. wjlafIamhla fkd,enSu oqUqre meyehla ,enSu

fmrsla ,jK

FeCl₃ + K₄Fe (CN)₆ = KFe [Fe (CN)₆] +3 KCl

47 fmdgEishus fmfrdaihkhsvs K₄Fe (CN)₆ iu. oqUqre wjlafIamhla ,enSu

2CuSO₄ + K₄Fe (CN)₆ = Cu₂Fe (CN)₆] + K₂SO₄

48 fmdgEishus fmrsaihkhsvs K₃Fe (CN)₆ iu. ;o ks,amdg m%Yshka ks,amdg wjlafIamhla ,enSu

fmriaa ,jK

FeSO₄ + K₃Fe (CN)₆ = KFe [Fe (CN)₆] + K₂SO₄

49 fmdgEishus fmrsaihkhsvs K₃Fe (CN)₆ iu. wjlafIamhla fkd,enSu oqUqre meyehla ,enSu

fmrsla ,jK

fmdgEishus m¾ueka.fkags