Convalent Bonds ans

iy ixhqc nkaOk

1 bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ksuska ia:dhs jk mrudKq nyq,j yuq jkafka l=uk ldKav j, o@

4 jk ldKavh$5 jk ldKavh$6 jk ldKavh $7 jk ldKavh

2 ta i|yd tla tla mrudKqfjka m%odkh lrk bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

tlla $folla $ ;=kla

3 nkaOk iEosug iyNd.s fkdjk bf,lafg%dak y|qkajk ku l=ulao@ tu bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a ljph ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

talir  bf,lafg%dak

ixhqc;d ljph

4 iudk mrudKq ksfhdackh jSfuka idok tjeks wKq i|yd WodyrK  fokak

H₂,     Cl₂    ,N₂  , Br₂

5 fmdoqfjs ;nd .kakd bf,lafg%dak hq.,hu  tla mrudKqjlska m%odkh lsrSfuka  idok nkaOk  fudkjd o@ tjeks wKq i|yd WodyrK  fokak

odhl nkaOk

H₃O⁺, NH₄⁺,

ta i|yd  mej;sh hq;= wjYH;djka fudkjd o@

talir bf,lafg%dak iys; wKqjla odhlh f,i

bf,lafg%dak W!k  mrudKqjla fyda wKqjla m%;s.%dylh f,i

7 iy ixhqc wrh hkq l=ula o@

icd;Sh mrudKq folla ;ks iyixhqc nkaOkhlska ne|S we;s jsg tajdfha kHIags w;r oqrska wvla tu mrudKqfjs iy ixhqc wrh kus fjs

8 whksl nkaOk j,g idfmalaIj fuu nkaOk j, mj;sk fjkila ,shkak

nkaOk O%ejsh fkdjSu

9 jsoHq;a iDK;dj hkq l=ula o@

wKqjl mj;sk mrudKqjla nkaOkhl wels bf,lafj%dak ;ud foig weo.eksug olajk ,eoshdjhs

10 wdj¾;hl jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj yuq jkafka l=uk ldKavfha o@

7 jk ldKavfha

11 ldKavhl jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj yuq jkafka l=uk ia:dkfha o@

ldKavhl by<ska

12 iuyr wjia:d j,os fujeks nkaOk O%ejsh;djla fmkajhs tfia isoq jkafka wehs@

nkaOk idok mrudKq jsoHq;a iDk;dj wiudk jsu ksid jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj jsiska yjqf,a ;nd f.k we;s bf,lafg%dak hq., tu mrudKqj foig wdl¾IKh lsrsu

13 O%%ejSh;djg fya;=j l=ula o@

bf,lafg%dak j,dj wiuus;sl  f,i jHma; jSu

fuysoS jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj foig nkaOk idok bf,lafg%dak wdl¾IKh jsu ksid bf,lafg%dak j,dj wiuus;sl fjhs

14 fujeks oajsO%ej u.ska fjk;a oajsO%ej wdl¾IKh jsu ksid we;sjk m%;sM, h l=ulao@

wka;¾ wKql n, yg .ekSu;a ta ksid fN!;sl .=K fjkia jsu;a isoqjsh yelsh

15 ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

o%jdxl yd ;dmdxl

16 my; i|yka wKq w;frka jvd;a m%n, iy ixhqc nkaOkh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr wKqj ;=, o@

HF  ,HCl, HBr, HI

thg fya;=j ,shkak

HF 

jsoHq;a iDK;djfha fjki Wmrsu w.hl mj;sk ksid

 

Ionic Bond ans

whksl nkaOk

1 mrudKqjla ia:dhs f,i i,lkafka ljr ;;ajhl we;s jsg  o@

wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus ord .; yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kk we;s jsg oSh

2 wdj¾;s;d fjs we;s uQ, o%jH ia:dhs jSu i|yd ljr Wml%u Ndjs; lrhs o@

bf,lafg%dak msg lsrsfuka wjidk m%Odk ugsgu iusmQ¾K lr .eksu

bf,lafg%dak ,nd .eksfuka  wjidk m%Odk ugsgu iusmQ¾K lr .eksu

bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .eksfuka ia:dhs jSu

2 ia:dhS mrudKqjl mj;sk .=Khla i|yka  lrkak tjeks mrudKq i|yd WodyrK fokak

ls%hdldrs;ajh wvqh

ridhkslj wvq m%;sls%hdldrs;ajhla fmkajhs

3 ridhkslj  ldur WIaK;ajfhaoS jevs m%;sls%hdldrs;ajhla fmkajkafka l=uk ldKavfha f,day o@

      m<uq ldKavfha

4  thg fya;=j ,shkak

 wvq Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka  bf,lafg%dak bj;a lr ia:dhS njg m;a jsug yels  jsu

5  wvqu Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka  bf,lafg%dak bj;a lr ia:dhS njg m;a jsug W;aidy ork ldKavhla i|yka lrkak

m<uqjk ldKavh   

6 tysos Ok whk iEoSfus  yelshdj Wmrsu jkafka ljrl o@ ta wehs @

ldkavfha my<skau we;s uQ, o%jHfha

tys mrudKql wrh by<h

wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus we;s bf,lafg%dakh flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh wvqhs

wvq Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka  bf,lafg%dak bj;a lr ia:dhS njg m;a jsug yels  jsu

7 ,sys,aj ne|s we;s bf,lafg%dak ip, bf,lafg%dak $kssoyia bf,lafg%dak  f,i y|qkajhs tla tla ldKavfha we;s ip, bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

m<uqjk ldKavh    --- 1

fojk ldKavh     --  -2

f;jk ldKavh    ---   3

8 f,dayhla ;=, mj;sk fujeks ip, bf,lafg%dak  me;srs we;s c,dYhla ;=, Ok whk ia:dk.; jS mj;S fuu wdlD;sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

bf,lafg%dak  c,dY wdlD;sh

9 Ok whk yd bf,lafg%dak  c,dYh ia:s;s jsoHq;a f,i wdl¾IKh jSfuka

idok nkaOkh l=ula o@

f,dayl nkaOkh

10 tys m%n,;dj r|d mj;skafka ljrla u; o@

mrudKqfjs  wrh

bf,lafg%dak  c,dYhg m%odkh  lrk ip, bf,lafg%dak  .Kk u;

11 m%n,;u f,dayl nkaOkh we;af;a ljrl o@ wkqms<sfj,g ilikak fya;= ,shkak

Li  ,Na  ,  Mg  ,Al

mrudKqfjs  wrh wju jSu ksid o bf,lafg%dak  c,dYhg m%odkh  lrk ip, bf,lafg%dak  Wmrsu jSu ksid o m%n, f,dayl nkaOkhla  Al  j,g we;

12 ;dm Yla;sh we;s jsg bf,lafg%dak  c,dYfha we;s bf,lafg%dak flfia yeisfrhs o@

;dm Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh l< ip,;dj by< bf,lafg%dak  w;r isoqjk .egSus ksid tla fl<jrl isg wfkla fl<jr olajd ;dmh ixl%uKh fjhs

 

13  wvqu Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka ia:dhS njg m;a jsh yels  mrudKqjla f,i Tn y|qkd .kakd mrudKqj f;darkak

Li  ,Na  ,  Mg  ,Al

Yla;sh wjYH  jkafka wehs@

Na 

wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus we;s bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsrsug

14 th jvd;a myiq jkafka mrudKql wrh l=vd jQ jsg o@ jsYd, jQ jsg o@

wrh jsYd, jQ jsg oSh

15 ia:dhS;dj ,nd .eksu msKsi bf,lafg%dak ,nd .kakd mrudKq fudkjd o@

ta i|yd Yla;sh wjYH fjhs o@

ke;

tysoS Yla;sh  msg lrhs

16 bf,lafg%dak nkaOQ;dj hkq l=ula o@ iuSlrKhlska olajkak

jdhquh mrudKq fu!, tlla iusu; ;;aj hgf;a wmrsus; oqrlska we;s bf,lafg%dak fu!,,hla jdhq mrudKqfjs msreKq Wpsp;u ugsgu lrd f.k tk

jsg fudapkh jk Yla;sh bf,lafg%dak nkaOQ;dj kus fjhs

iuslrKhlska fmkajkak

   X _(g)  + e  =  X ^–_(g) 

17 fujeks jdhquh jsoHq;a Ok whk   jdhquh jsoHq;a iDK whk  wdl¾IKh jSfusoS Yla;sh ksoyia fjhs tysoS ia:s;s jsoHq;a wdl¾IK n, we;s jS >k ixfhda.fha   fu!,hla iEfok jsg iusu; ;;aj hgf;a msgjk Yla;sh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

oe,sia Yla;sh

th iuslrKhlska fmkajkak

M⁺ _(g) +X ^–_(g)  =  M⁺ X ^–_(s) 

18 tysoS idok nkaOk j¾.h l=ula o@

whksl nkaOk

19 wvqu oe,sia Yla;shla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr ixfhda.h ;=,@

NaCl  , NaBr , NaI 

NaI  ;=, wvqu oe,sia Yla;shla mj;S

20 thg fya;=j l=ula o@

 wka;¾ whksl oqr jevs w.hla .kafka fuu wKqj ;=,hs whvhsvs whk fha wrh Wmrsu w.hla .kakd ksid m%;s jsreoaO wdfrdamK ork whk wdl¾IKh jSfusos jsl¾IK n, we;sjsu wka;¾ whksl oqr jevs ;;ajhloS isoq fj

Periodic Table

wdj¾;s;d j.=j

1 uQ, o%jH j¾.slrKfha  wdrusNfhaoS  ljr ,laIK Wmfhda.S lr .;af;a o@

f,day yd wf,day .=K

2 fuys oS we;s .=K w;frka f,day  j, we;s ,laIK ,shkak

>k iajNdjfhka muKla mej;su

os,sfik iq¿ nj $ >k f,i we;sjsg wdf,dalh mrdj¾;k yelshdj

 by< ;dmdxlh  ----  fndfyduhla f,day    $ f,day iuyr wf,day   -- is,slka  oshuka;s  $ C               

by< o%jdxlh-  -- fndfyduhla f,day iuyr wf,day   --oshuka;s  $ C        

 by< ;dm ikakdhl;dj  ---- f,day

 by< jsoHq;a ikakdhl;dj  --- fndfyduhla f,day iuyr wf,day   --oshuka;s  $ C        

Tlaihsvj, c,sh o%djK wdus,sl jSu --- wf,day .=K

;kH;dj $wefok iq¿ iajNdjh -- fndfyduhla f,day   

wdykH;dj $;ef,k iq¿ iajNdjh ---f,day

 o%jdxlh my<   f,day  j, kus ,shkak

ulrs $isishus $.e,shus

3 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh fhdod .ksuska isoqlrk j¾.slrK bosrsm;a lf<a ljqo2

fvdnrhsk¾ $ksjs,kavsia $ f,dao¾ fuh¾ $ fukavf,ma

4 mrudKql l%udxlh fhdod .ksuska isoqlrk j¾.slrKfha   whs;sh ysusjkafka ldgo@

reka.a yd j¾k¾

5 uQ, o%jH ;s%l ms<sfh, lf<a ljqo@

fvdnrhsk¾

6 uQ, o%jH ;s%l hl ,laIK fudkjd o@

uQ, o%jH ;s%lhl uQ, o%jH  3la we;

fomi we;s uQ, o%jH  j, w;rueos ,laIK uOHfha we;s uQ, o%jHh fmkajhs

fomi we;s uQ, o%jH  j, idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOfha uOHl w.h uOHfha we;s uQ, o%jHh  fmkajhs

7 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh wdfrdayKh jk wkaoug uQ, o%jH my<g fm< .eiSu isoq lf<a ljq o@

ksjs,kavsia

8  fm< wjika lf<a ljr ,laIKh Wmfhda.S  lr f.k o@

 isria f,i ieliQ fm< wdrusNfha mj;sk uQ, o%jHhg iudk uQ, o%jHhla ,enqKq jsg

9  fus ,laIK Ndjs; lruska ;sria f,i ieliQ fm< wdrusNfha mj;sk uQ, o%jHhg iudk uQ, o%jHhla ,enqKq jsg fm< wjila lf,a ljq o@

fukavf,ma

10 wdj¾;s;d j.=j f.dv ke.Sfus oS my; os we;s jsjsO woyia bosrsm;a lf<a ljq o@

idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh wdfrdayKh jk wkaoug uQ, o%jH my<g fm< . eiSfus oS uQ, o%jH wglg jrla iudk .=K we;s uQ, o%jH yuqfjs

uQ, o%jH j, .=K wdj¾;s; rgdjla wkq j fjkia fjhs

11 bf,lafg%dak jskHdih wkqj uQ, o%jH ilia lsrsu isoq lf<a ljq o@

reka.a yd j¾k¾

12 mrudKqjl wjidk bf,lafg%dakh we;=¿ jk Wm ugsgu wkqj wdj¾;s;d j.=fjs msysgsu ms<sn|j ljr wkdjels mejish yels o@

uQ, o%jHh we;=,;a wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jHh we;=,;a ldKavh

13 uQ, o%jH we;=,;a m%Odk f.dkq 4 kus lrkak

 S  f.dkqj

p  f.dkqj

d  f.dkqj

f  f.dkqj

14 tla tla f.dkqfjs iqjsfYaIs ,laIKh ,shkak

   S  f.dkqj  ---- wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    s    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

   p  f.dkqj  ---- wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    p   Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

   d f.dkqj  ---- wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    d    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

   f  f.dkqj  ---- wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    f    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

15 wdka;rsl uQ, o%jH  hkq fudkjd o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    d    Wm ugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s   d f.dkqfjs  uQ, o%jH hkah

16 ,eka;khsvs fY%aKsh $m<uq w;s  $we;=¿ wdka;rsl uQ,o%jH  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    4f    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

17 welagskhsvs fY%aKsh $ fojk w;s wdka;rsl uQ,o%jH  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh   5 f    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

18 jsr, mdxY= uQ, o%jH f,i i,lkafka  fudkjd o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    f    Wmugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s uQ, o%jH fuys we;

19 fojk ldKavfha uQ, o%jHhl wjidk Wmugsgu l=ula o@tys bf,lafg%dak lShla mj;shs o@

S Wm ugsgu

2

20 .e,fmk wdj¾;hka ,shkak

uQ, o%jH 2la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  m<uq jk wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jH 8la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  fojk wdj¾;h $ ;=kajk wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jH 18la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  y;rjk wdj¾;h $ miajk wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jH 32 la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  yhjk wdj¾;h

uQ, o%jH 19 la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  y;ajk wdj¾;h

21 tla tla wdj¾;fha l=uk Wm ugsgus bf,lafg%dak orhs o@

m<uq jk wdj¾;h     1s

fo jk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p

f; jk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p    3s  3p 

isjsjk wdj¾;h         1s  2s  2p     3s  3p  4s 3d

miajk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p     3s  3p  4s 3d     5s 4d 5p

yhjk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p     3s  3p  4s 3d     5s 4d 5p   6s 4f 5d 6p

y;aajk wdj¾;h        1s  2s  2p    3s  3p  4s 3d     5s 4d 5p   6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d

22 tla tla uQ, o%jHh wh;a ldKavh yd wdj¾;h ;SrKh lrkak

A        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² , 3p⁴

  miajk ldKavh

f; jk wdj¾;h        

B        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s² , 3p³

  y;rajk ldKavh

f; jk wdj¾;h        

C        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² 

fojk  ldKavh

f; jk wdj¾;h        

D        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p¹

  ;=kaajk ldKavh

f; jk wdj¾;h        

23 f; jk wdj¾;fha    miajk ldKavfha uq, o%jHhl bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak tu uQ, o%jHh l=ula o@

1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p³

Atomic Ionization energy

whkslrK Yla;sh

1 mrudKqjl lafjdkagus wxlfhka $ n fmkakqus lrkafka l=ula o@

bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a jk m%Odk Yla;s ugsguhs

2 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgu ;joqrg;a Wm Yla;s ugsgus olajd fnos we; tajd y|qkajk ku l=ula o@ Woaos.xY lafjdkagus wxlh $ l 

3  ,s;shus j, wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dakh tu lafjdkagus wxl ,shd olajkak

1 s

4 tla tla Wm ugsgus j, mj;sk bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

  s---  2

  p--- 6

  d--  10

  f— 14

5 tys mj;sk bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a ldlaIslhl m_l mej;sh yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kk folls th l=ula f,i kus lrhso@

pqusnl lafjdkagus wxlh 

6 neuqus lafjdkagus wxlh m_s l=ula bosrsm;a lrhs o@

hus ldlaIslhl we;as bf,lafg%dakhl osYdk;sh fmkakqus lrhs

7 mrudKqjl  mj;sk bf,lafg%dak bj;ajsu l=uk kulska y|qkajhs o@

whkSlrKh

8 tjeks  wjia:djla i|yka lrkak

lef;dav lsrK k,fha

9 lef;dav lsrK ksmojSfus os wOsl Yla;shla wjYH jQfha wehs@

whkSlrKh i|yd by< Yla;shla iuyr wjia:d j,os wjYH fjhs’ ta l=ula ksid o@

kHIagsh fj;g wdl¾IKh js we;s bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsrsug Yla;sh wjYH fjhs’

10 m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh hkq l=ula o@

jdhquh ;;ajfha we;s mrudKq fu!,hl ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dak fu!,hla  bj;a lsrSfuka jdhquh tal Ok whk fu!,hla iEoSu i|yd iemhsh hq;= wju Yla;shhs

11 fojk  whkSlrK Yla;sh hkq l=ula o@

jdhquh tal Ok whk fu!,hlska ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dak fu!,hla  bj;a lsrSfuka jdhquh oajs Ok whk fu!,hla iEoSu i|yd iemhsh hq;= wju Yla;shhs

12 mrudKqjl wrh u; whkslrK Yla;sh ;SrKh fjhs mrudKqjl wrh flfrys n,mdk idOl ,shkak

kHIagsl wdfrdamKh

ksjdrl wdprKh $Yla;s ugsgus .Kk

13 mrudKqjl wrh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u.ska o@

wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus msysgk ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dakh fj;g kHIagsh u.ska olajk wdl¾IKfha m%udKh u;

14 wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus msysgk ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dakh fj;g kHIagsh u.ska olajk wdl¾IKfha m%udKh wvq lsrsug fya;=jk idOlhka fudkjd o@

  Yla;s ugsgus .Kk jevs jSu           

  kHIagsfha  wdfrdamKfha jsYd,;ajh wvq w.hl mej;Su

   

15 kHIagsfha  wdfrdamKfha jsYd,;ajh wvqjsu  wdj¾;s;dfjs ljr osYdjlg isoqfjhs o@

  wdj¾;hl jfus isg ol=Kg hdfus oS

   

16 Yla;s ugsgus .Kk jevs jSu  wdj¾;s;dfjs ljr osYdjlg isoqfjhs o@

       ldKavhl my<g hdfusos

   

17 by; idOl folu fjkiajk wjia:djla ,shkak

       ldKavhl my<g hdfusos

  

18 Yla;s ugsgus .Kk  jevsjSu u.ska ljr n,mEula  we;sfjhs o@

          we;=,; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak msg; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak  jslraIKh

          lsrSfus n,hla $ksjdrl wdprKh ls%hd;aul jSu fya;= fldg f.k

          Yla;s ugsgus .Kk jevsjk jsg ksjdrl wdprKh jevsfjhs' 

          wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh wvq fjhs

  

19 ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq j, Yla;s ugsgus lshla mj;shs o@

           2

  

20 ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq j, ksjdrl wdprK w.h  fndfyda oqrg iudk o@ wiudk o@

         fndfyda oqrg iudkhs

  

21 kHIagsl wdfrdamkh jevs jkafka l=ul o@

        fnrs,shus mrudKq

  

22    wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh jevsjkafka ljrl o@

fnrs,shus mrudKq

23 ,s;shus yd fidavshus mrudKq j, Yla;s ugsgus lshla mj;shs o@

,s;shus mrudKqfjs  --2

fidavshus mrudKq fjs --3

24 ,s;shus yd fidavshus mrudKq j, ksjdrl wdprK w.h  fndfyda oqrg iudk o@ wiudk o@

wiudkhs

25 ksjdrl wdprK w.h  jevs jkafka l=ul o@

fidavshus j,

26 kHIagsl wdfrdamkh jevs jkafka l=ul o@

fidavshus mrudKq fjs  

 27 fidavshus mrudKq fjs  kHIagsl wdfrdamKh jevs jqj;a fidavsshus mrudKqjg jvd  ,s;sshus mrudKq fjs wrh l=vdh

fidavshus mrudKq fjs  bf,lafg%dak ork Yla;s ugsgus .Kk tllska jevs ksid ksjdrl wdprK w.h  jevshs

kHIagsl wdfrdamKh wNsnjd ksjdrl wdprKh ls%hd;aul jSu ksid

 wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh fidavshus mrudKq fjs 

jevsfjhs

28 fidavshus mrudKq jla tla bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a l< jsg idokafka l=ula o@

fidavshus Ok whkh

29 tys mj;sk Yla;s ugsgus .Kk lSho@ ksjdrl wdprK w.h fjkia fjhs o@ fya;= fokak

         2

ksjdrl wdprK w.h wvqhs Yla;s ugsgus .Kk wvq ksid

30 fidavshus mrudKq yd fidavshus Ok whkh kHIagsl wdfrdamK tlu jqj;a fidavshus Ok whkfha wrh b;d l=vdh ( fojk wdj¾;fha ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq w;r wrhla ,nd .kshs &ta ukao@

fidavshus Ok whkh wrh  0.95 A⁰

fidavshus mrudKqj wrh  1.54 A⁰

 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgula wvqjsu ksid

fidavshus Ok whkfha whkfha fm%dafgdak .Kkg jvd bf,lafg%dak .Kk tllska wvq ksid Ok jsoHq;a lafIa;%hla we;s jSu fya;=fjka bf,lafg%dak j,dfjs yels,sula o we;sfjhs

31  fojk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh m<uq bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;shg jvd mia .=Khlska muK by< fjs

jsoHq;a lafIa;%hla we;s jSu fya;=fjka

wrh wvq jSu ksid;a msg; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh jevs jS

we;=,; m%Odk ugsgulska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh msg; m%Odk ugsgulska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsrsug wjYH Yla;shg jvd mia .=Khlska muK by< fjs

32 ;=kajk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh fldmuK .=Khl jsYd,;ajhla fmkajkq we;a o@

ta l=ula ksid o@

fo.=Khlg wdikak jsYd,;ajhla

fojk yd ;=kajk bf,lafg%dak tlu m%Odk ugsgfus mj;shs tu ksid  ;=kajk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wvq Yla;shla wjYH fjhs

33 uQ, o%jHhl wkqhd; whkSlrK Yla;s w.hhka lsysmhla  fuys olajd we; tu mrudKq j, msg; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak .Kk i|yka lrkak

tall KJ mol^-1 j,ska

  E -- 494 , 4560 ,  6940,   9540 ,  13400 , 16600

  A – 577, 1820  ,  2740  , 11600  ,14800 ,18400

     E --       tlhs

=     A --      ;=khs

34 jvd ia:dhS  jkafka    fidavshus mrudKqj o@   fidavshus Ok whkh o@

fidavshus Ok whkh

35 ta l=ula ksid o@

tys wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus  ord .; yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kkla mj;sk ksid

36 laf,darSka mrudKq yd laf,darhsvs  whkh kHIagsl wdfrdamK tlu jqj;a laf,darhsvs  whkfha wrh b;d by<h  tu wdj¾;fha wd.ka mrudKqjg jvd wrh jsYd, fjhs ta ukao@

laf,darSka mrudKqj wrh  0.99 A⁰

laf,darhsvs  whkh wrh  1.81 A⁰

laf,darhsvs  whkfha fm%dafgdak .Kkg jvd bf,lafg%dak .Kk tllska jevs ksid iDK jsoHq;a lafIa;%hla we;s jSu fya;=fjka bf,lafg%dak j,dfjs jsisrsula  we;sfjhs tu ksid wrh jsYd, fjhs

37 jvd ia:dhS  jkafka   laf,darSka mrudKqj o@   laf,darhsvs  whkfha o@

laf,darSka mrudKq

38 ta l=ula ksid o@

tys wjidk m%Odk ugsgfus  ord .; yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kkla mj;sk ksid