Sulphur and Halogen

1 uQ, o%jHhla f,i mj;sk  i,am¾ Ndjs; jk wjia:djla ,shkak

os,Sr kdYlhla f,i fNda. j,g  biSu

w¿yus jeks os,Sr frda. i|yd iu u;=msg wdf,am lsrsu

2 iaMgsl f,i mj;sk  S j, wKql iq;%h ,shkak 

S₈

3 S idok wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs .e,fmk wdldrh ,shkak

 CS₂  mj;sk wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs j, osh l< S mj;sk wdldr 3la fuys oelafjhs o%djKh jdIam jSug bv yersfuka miq b;srsjk  iaMgsl    frdusniSh i,am¾

200 C⁰ r;a l< S  isis,a c,hg fhoSu   iqjsld¾h i,am¾

S fldajl r;a lr o%j jSug yer u;=msg lfnd,la iEoqKq miq lfnd, ns|Su taldk;s i,am¾

4  S u.ska SO₂  ,nd.; yelafla flfia o@

wod<  iuSlrK ,shkak

jd;fha oykh

idkao% H₂SO₄ iu. r;a lsrSu

5 l=uk f,day id  H₂SO₄ iu. SO₂  ,nd fohs o@

iskala $ fldm¾

6 l=uk wf,day id  H₂SO₄ iu. SO₂  ,nd fohs o@

C   / S

6 ,jKhla Ndjs;fhka  ,nd .;  yels wjia:d ,shkak

;kql wus, iu. fidavshus i,amhsgs m%;sls%hdj

 ;kql wus, iu. fidavshus ;fhda i,afmags  m%;sls%hdj

7 i,amshqrsla wus,  ld¾uslj ksIamdokfha oS SO₂ jdhqj fhdod .kshs  th ksIamdokhg Ndjs; lrk wuqo%jH ,shkak

fmria i,amhsv jd;fha lr lsrsu

i,am¾ oykh

8 iam¾Y l%ufha os fuu jdhq Ndjs; lsrSug fmr l=ula l< hq;= o@

oQjs,s bj;a lsrsu

9 Ndjs; l< hq;= W;afm%arl yd WIaK;ajh ,shkak

V₂O₅   fyda  Pt

 fi 450⁰

10 Ndjs; l< hq;= mSvkh ,shkak

1       - 3  atm

11 SO₂ yd O₂ m%;sls%hdfjka     ,efnk   SO₃  u.ska i,amshqrsla wus,h ,nd .kafka flfia o@    s

SO₃  jdhqj ;kql  i,amshqrsla wus,h ;=,g hejSu

H₂SO₄  +   SO₃   ---------       H₂S₂O₇

  H₂O   + H₂S₂O₇    --------- 2 H₂SO₄

12 tys mej;sh yels TlaislrK wxl ,shkak wod, TlaislrK wxl j,g .e,fmk ixfhda.h f;darkak

  -2             0     +2   +4    +6      

    H₂S -    S    -   SO₂   -   Na₂S₂O₃   -- SO₃     

13 tys yhsv%hsvh wus,hla nj ;yjqre lsrSug mj;sk ridhksl idlaIs ,shkak

 Na jeks f,day iu. yhsv%cka jdhqj uqod yerSu

c,Sh NaOH  iu. ,jK yd c,h iEoSu

14 c,Sh NaOH  iu. idok M, fudkjd o@   H₂S jevsmqr we;s jsg ljr M, idohs o@

c,h iy Na₂S

c,h iy NaHS

15 lsishus  c,sh o%djKhla ;=,g   jdhqjla hejQ jsg ,enqKq ksrslaIK fuys oelafjhs  wod, m%;sls%hd ,shkak

ous meye;s j¾Kh wj¾K jSu 

;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

oqUqre j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

 msIaGh iys; wj¾K o%djKh  ks,a meyehg yerSu

ous meye;s j¾Kh wj¾K jSu  yd ,d ly meye;s wjlafIamhla ,enSu

l¿ wjlafIamhla ,enSu

;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu yd ;eUs,s meye j¾Kh fld< meydhg yersu

 ye,ck

1 ,d ly meye;s jdhqj   ,d fld< meye;s jdhqj  l¿ meye;s >kh  oUqre meye o%jh fuu .=K

wkqj tajd j¾. lrkak

,d ly meye;s jdhqj F₂          ,d fld< meye;s jdhqj    Cl₂ 

 l¿ meye;s >kh  I₂            oqUqre meye o%jh Br₂

2 r;a l< fldm¾ yd hlv uQ, o%jH iu. laf,darSka m%;sls%hd lrhs    iEfok M, yd tys j¾Kh ,shkak

        CuCl₂     ly 

         FeCl₃   oqUqre

3 Tng >k fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak

 idkao H₂SO₄ iu. r;a l< jsg ous meyd;s jdhqjla ksmojkafka l=ula o@

fidavshus whvhsvs

4  tu jdhqj l=ula o@

 I₂    

5 msIaGh y|qkd .ekSu i|yd fuys c,Sh o%djKhla iEosug wjYH kus Tn l=ula l< hq;= o@

fmdgEishus whvhsvs o%djKhl whvSka  iaMgsl osh lsrSu

6 b;srs ,jK idok M, fudkjd o@ oq¾j, wus,hla f,i yeisfrkafka ljr M,h o@

HCl  / HF /Br₂ / I₂

HF

7 y;ajk ldKavfha HCl  / HF / HCl  / HI jvd wia:dhS yhsv%hsvh ,shkak thg fya;=j l=ula o@

HI

nkaOk Yla;s w.h wvqjSu $ nkaOk os. jevs jSu

 

8 tu ,jK j,ska ye,ck ,nd .ekSug l=ula l< hq;= o@

 tu ,jK MnO₂  yd H₂SO₄    iu. r;a lsrsu

9 jsoHd.drfha oS fuu jdhqj reia l< hq;af;a hgsl=re jsia:dmkfhka o@ Wvql=re úia:dmkfhka o@

hgsl=re jsia:dmkh

10 wdf,dalh ke;sjsg c,h jsfhdackh lrkafka ljr jdhqjo@

  F₂  

11 wdf,dalh we;sjsg c,h jsfhdackh lrkafka ljr jdhqjo@

Ci₂     / Br₂  

HOCl

12 iEfok o%djK w;rska  jsrxck yelshdj we;af;a ljr o%djKhg o@ tu yelshdj we;s ixfhda.h ,shkak

laf,darSka oshr

13 j¾Kj;a o%jH wj¾K jkafka l=ula ksid o@ tu ls%hdj,sfha ku ,shkak o%djKfha b;srs jkafka l=ula o@

mrudKql Tlaiscka

jsrxckh

HOCl

14  NaOCl     NaClO₃ jeks ixfhda. ,nd .ekSu i|yd laf,darska Ndjs; lrhs ta y|yd wjYH ;;aj yd iuSlrK ,shkak

Cl₂ + 2NaOH                          NaCl + NaOCl + H₂O

15 Tng fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak

MnO₂  yd H₂SO₄    iu. r;a lsrsu

16 ldur WIaK;ajfha oS yhsv%cka iu. m%;sls%hd jk jdhqqjla ,shkak

F₂ /  Cl₂  

 17 r;a l< jsg muKla m%;sls%hd jk ye,ck jdhq fudkjd o@

I₂     / Br₂  

18 tu ,laIKh wkqj ye,ck j, ils%h;dj jevsjk ms,sfj,g ilikak

   I₂     / Br₂      /  Cl₂   /           F₂      

19 ye,ck Tlaisldrl f,i ls%hd lrhs

j¾K jsm¾hdihla iis; tjeks m%;sls%hdjlg WodyrKhla fokak j¾K jsm¾hdih l=ula o@

NaI + Cl₂                     NaCl + I₂   

oqUqre j¾Kh ,enSu

20 fuu o%djKhg  nsxoq lsysmhla tla lr ;oska fi,jQ  jsg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

21 ils%h;dj jevs ye,ckh  u.ska ils%h;dfjka wvq ye,ck whkh jsia:dmkh$TlaislrKh lrhs     m%dfhda.sl f,i jsoHd.drfha oS th Tmamq lrkafka flfia o@

 ye,ck whk iys; o%djK 2la  ,nd .eksu tu o%djK ;=,g CCl₄ nxoq lsysmmla fhoSu o%djKh fldgia follg fnoSu  fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs

tla fldgilg Br₂ jdhqj;a wfkla fldgig Cl₂     jdhqj;a hejSu

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

k,h m;=f,a ous j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu  k,h m;=f,a oqUqres j¾K iys; ia;rhla ,ensu

22 Tng fidavshus laf,darhsvs Tng fidavshus ma,qfjdrhsvs Tng fidavshus fn%dauhsvs yd Tng fidavshus whvhsvs imhd we;ehs is;kak tajd f,an,a lr fkdue;s kus tys wkkH;dj fidhd .kafka flfia o@

ta i|yd fuysoS ,efnk kstslaIK ,=sikak

A   B   C  D jYfhka f,an,a  lsrsu thska ,nd .kakd wkqrem o%djK j,g is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs nxoqj ne.ska fh oSu

23 k, 3 l wj;afIam iEfohs tu j¾K ,shkak

24 ;kQl wefudakshd o%djKhla thg tl;= l< jsg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

tjeks ;j;a mrslaIK k, lgsg,hlg  f,vs khsgsfg%gs fhoSu

25 ,efnk wjlafIam j, j¾K ,shkak

26 juj ksrSlaIK u.ska myiqfjka fjka lr .; yelafla ljr k,h o@

fyf,ags ^1&  $ fyf,ags ^111&  $ fyf,ags ^V&  $m fyf,ags ^V11& 

27 fuu LKavl ksrEmkh lsrSug  iQ;% .,mkak

OCl    / ClO₂ ^–    / ClO₃^-     /   ClO₄ ^-      

OCl  -  fyf,ags ^1& 

 ClO₂ ^–   fyf,ags ^111&

 ClO₃^-    fyf,ags ^V&

     ClO₄ ^-    _-  m fyf,ags ^V11&